The emergence of complex behavior

Cambrian Explosion

Sparked by behavioral imperatives? (Fox, 2016)

  • Behavior requires energy
  • Behavior requires perception at a distance
  • Behavior requires action
  • Actions require
    • Problem solving, (sequence) planning
    • Current + stored information (memory)

Behaviors realized through…

  • Perception at a distance of what/where
  • Locomotion
    • Approach/avoid/explore
  • Object manipulation/consumption
  • Signaling/communication
  • Physiological regulation

Cognition

Combines…

Cognition and the cerebral cortex

[[@swanson2012brain]](https://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&id=tAk8Rr00kykC&oi=fnd&pg=PP2&dq=larry+swanson+book&ots=5F7nEnts45&sig=DJLKh5BF_8aVqpOdK28Qmh1wr5Q#v=onepage&q=larry%20swanson%20book&f=false)

(Swanson, 2012)

Macrostructure

  • Areas
    • Unimodal sensory
    • Polymodal association
    • Motor
  • Connections
    • Association
    • Commissural
[[@swanson2012brain]](https://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&id=tAk8Rr00kykC&oi=fnd&pg=PP2&dq=larry+swanson+book&ots=5F7nEnts45&sig=DJLKh5BF_8aVqpOdK28Qmh1wr5Q#v=onepage&q=larry%20swanson%20book&f=false)

(Swanson, 2012)

Microstructure

  • Columnar structure
  • Cytoarchitectonic differerences (e.g. Brodmann)
Wikipedia

Wikipedia

Layer Connection type Comments
I Few cell bodies
II Efferent Ipsilateral association via large pyramidal cells
III Efferent Contralateral commissural
IV Afferent from thalamus; small stellate & granual cells; V1 has sublayers
V Efferent Superficial -> Basal ganglia; Deep -> brainstem, spinal cord; pyramidal cells
VI Efferent Thalamus
[[@swanson2012brain]](https://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&id=tAk8Rr00kykC&oi=fnd&pg=PP2&dq=larry+swanson+book&ots=5F7nEnts45&sig=DJLKh5BF_8aVqpOdK28Qmh1wr5Q#v=onepage&q=larry%20swanson%20book&f=false)

(Swanson, 2012)

[[@swanson2012brain]](https://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&id=tAk8Rr00kykC&oi=fnd&pg=PP2&dq=larry+swanson+book&ots=5F7nEnts45&sig=DJLKh5BF_8aVqpOdK28Qmh1wr5Q#v=onepage&q=larry%20swanson%20book&f=false)

(Swanson, 2012)

[[@swanson2005anatomy]](http://dx.doi.org10.1002/cne.20733)

(Swanson, 2005)

[[@swanson2005anatomy]](http://dx.doi.org10.1002/cne.20733)

(Swanson, 2005)

[[@swanson2005anatomy]](http://dx.doi.org10.1002/cne.20733)

(Swanson, 2005)

[[@swanson2005anatomy]](http://dx.doi.org10.1002/cne.20733)

(Swanson, 2005)

Processing networks

“Although it has long been assumed that cognitive functions are attributable to the isolated operations of single brain areas, we demonstrate that the weight of evidence has now shifted in support of the view that cognition results from the dynamic interactions of distributed brain areas operating in large-scale networks….”

(Bressler & Menon, 2010)
[[@bressler2010large]](http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tics.2010.04.004)

(Bressler & Menon, 2010)

[[@bressler2010large]](http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tics.2010.04.004)

(Bressler & Menon, 2010)

[[@bressler2010large]](http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tics.2010.04.004)

(Bressler & Menon, 2010)

[[@bressler2010large]](http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tics.2010.04.004)

(Bressler & Menon, 2010)

Summing up

[@Powers1973-zn]

(Powers, 1973)

[@Powers1973-zn]

(Powers, 1973)

Language and the brain

Language behavior

Hierarchical structure of language information

Wernicke-Geschwind (WG) model

Wikipedia

Wikipedia

Wernicke’s area (Brodmann Area or BA 42)

  • Adjacent to primary auditory cortex (A1; Heschl’s gyrus; BA 41)
  • Perception
  • Receptive or ‘fluent’ aphasia
Wikipedia

Wikipedia

Wikipedia

Wikipedia

Broca’s area

  • Inferior frontal gyrus, pars opercularis (BA 44) & pars angularis (BA 45)
  • Production
  • Expressive aphasia
Wikipedia

Wikipedia

Dual streams (Hickok & Poeppel, 2007)

[[@Hickok2007-rc]](http://doi.org/10.1038/nrn2113)

(Hickok & Poeppel, 2007)

Metaanalytic evidence (Hagoort & Indefrey, 2014)

[[@Hagoort2014-au]](http://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-neuro-071013-013847)

(Hagoort & Indefrey, 2014)

[[@Hagoort2014-au]](http://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-neuro-071013-013847)

(Hagoort & Indefrey, 2014)

[[@Hagoort2014-au]](http://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-neuro-071013-013847)

(Hagoort & Indefrey, 2014)

“A meta-analysis of numerous neuroimaging studies reveals a clear dorsal/ventral gradient in both left inferior frontal cortex and left posterior temporal cortex, with dorsal foci for syntactic processing and ventral foci for semantic processing. In addition…further networks need to be recruited to realize language-driven communication to its full extent.”

(Hagoort & Indefrey, 2014)

Summing up

[[@Hagoort2014-au]](http://doi.org10.1146/annurev-neuro-071013-013847)

(Hagoort & Indefrey, 2014)

References

Bressler, S. L., & Menon, V. (2010). Large-scale brain networks in cognition: Emerging methods and principles. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 14(6), 277–290. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tics.2010.04.004

Fox, D. (2016). What sparked the Cambrian explosion? Nature, 530(7590), 268–270. https://doi.org/10.1038/530268a

Hagoort, P., & Indefrey, P. (2014). The neurobiology of language beyond single words. Annu. Rev. Neurosci., 37, 347–362. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-neuro-071013-013847

Hickok, G., & Poeppel, D. (2007). The cortical organization of speech processing. Nat. Rev. Neurosci., 8(5), 393–402. https://doi.org/10.1038/nrn2113

Powers, W. T. (1973). Behavior: The control of perception. Aldine Chicago. Retrieved from http://www.pctresources.com/Other/Reviews/BCP_book.pdf

Swanson, L. W. (2005). Anatomy of the soul as reflected in the cerebral hemispheres: Neural circuits underlying voluntary control of basic motivated behaviors. Journal of Comparative Neurology, 493(1), 122–131. https://doi.org/10.1002/cne.20733

Swanson, L. W. (2012). Brain architecture: Understanding the basic plan. Oxford University Press.