PSY 511.001 Spr 2026
By Mysid (original by Tristanb) - Vectorized in CorelDraw by Mysid on an existing image at en-wiki by Tristanb., CC BY-SA 3.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=1420508
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By Inductiveload, NASA - self-made, information by NASABased off of File:EM Spectrum3-new.jpg by NASAThe butterfly icon is from the P icon set, File:P biology.svgThe humans are from the Pioneer plaque, File:Human.svgThe buildings are the Petronas towers and the Empire State Buildings, both from File:Skyscrapercompare.svg, CC BY-SA 3.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=2974242
The locations of the main olfactory tissues in the mouse (a), Drosophila (b) and C. elegans (c) are shown. The odorant detection machinery is localized to the olfactory cilia, which are specializations of the olfactory neurons that come into direct contact with the environment (centre). The cilia of three representative olfactory neurons in each species are illustrated in the right-hand panel. Colours denote different odorant receptor proteins in the cilia. a, In mammals, olfactory neurons reside in the nasal epithelium. Each olfactory neuron expresses one type of odorant receptor, a GPCR. b, In Drosophila, olfactory neurons are localized to antennae and maxillary palps. Most olfactory neurons express one specific olfactory receptor and one ubiquitous one, Or83b (dark blue). Occasionally, neurons express two specific olfactory receptors in addition to Or83b (far right). The orientation of fly olfactory receptors is inverted with respect to classical GPCRs (Fig. 1a). (Fly head image modified, with permission, from Kyotofly Kit, Kyoto Institute of Technology, Japan.) c, In C. elegans, each olfactory neuron expresses several different GPCRs. The cell body is in the head and the cilia are at the tip of the nose. (Image courtesy of Jason Kennerdell, Rockefeller University, New York, USA.)
Figure 2. Interoceptive Information and Its Integration with Emotional, Cognitive, and Motivational Signals from an Array of Cortical and Subcortical Regions. Interoceptive information of constantly changing body states arrives in the posterior insula by ascending sensory inputs from dedicated spinal and brainstem pathways via specific thalamic relays. This information is projected rostrally onto the anterior insula, where it is integrated with emotional, cognitive, and motivational signals from an array of cortical and subcortical regions. As a result, the anterior insula supports unique subjective feeling states. The anterior insula regulates the introduction of subjective feelings into cognitive and motivational processes by virtue of its cortical location at the cross-roads of numerous pathways involved in higher cognition and motivation. Abbreviations: AI, anterior insula; AMG, amygdala; dACC, dorsal anterior cingulate cortex; DLPFC, dorsolateral prefrontal cortex; PI, posterior insula; THAL, thalamus; VMPFC, ventromedial prefrontal cortex; VS, ventral striatum.
Two types of receptions differing by the rate of adaptation to the dynamical stimulus. A, Sensory system have two types of receptors differing by the rate of adaptation (9): tonic receptors that adapt slowly to a stimulus and continues to produce action potentials over the duration of the stimulus (left), and phasic receptors that adapt rapidly to a stimulus (right) and react to both the emergence of the signal (on- reaction) and to it cessation (off-reaction). The response diminishes quickly ant then stops. B, Immune system has different types of cells resembling in their reactions of tonic and phasic receptors of sensory systems. Some lymphocytes react preferably to the presence of foreign antigen (CD5- B lymphocytes, small resting T lymphocytes), whereas the others react to the change of antigenic contest in time (CD5+ B lymphocytes, naturally activated T-blast forms) or to the appearance of heterogeneity in presumingly homogenous tissue (NK killing of syngeneic targets in nonsyngeneic for targets environment (64, 65)).
Figure 3. Stress habituation and facilitation. Repeated exposure to the same stressor results in progressive diminution of response magnitude, thought to be mediated by structures such as the prefrontal cortex (PFC) and paraventricular thalamus (PVT). Exposure to a new stressor after either homotypic or hetertypic stressors causes a larger than normal (“sensitized’ or “facilitated’ response), which may be mediated by enhanced drive from the basolateral amygdala (BLA), PVT or locus coeruleus (LC).
The contrast sensitivity function (adapted from Campbell and Robson, 1968.3) The curve (hand-drawn) represents sensitivity as a function of the spatial frequency of the gratings. The contrast of the gratings decreases from the bottom of the figure to the top, and (generally) the gratings are visible under the curve, and invisible above the curve. The spatial frequency corresponding to the 20/20 letter (30 cycles per degree; cpd) is noted near the right edge of the function. Integration of the area under the curve from 30 cpd to the terminus of the function accounts for roughly 10% of the total area under the curve. For illustrative purposes only.
Figure 1. Schematic view of exploratory movements. Surface texture (e.g., periodicity of a spatial grating, or roughness of sandpaper) may be felt by static pressing or sliding contact of the index finger with the normal and tangential force components as shown. Sliding is critical in discriminating very fine texture as it generate skin vibrations which reflect the sensed surface.
By Lorepenoten - Own work, CC0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=176110382
In the skin.
By BruceBlaus. When using this image in external sources it can be cited as:Blausen.com staff (2014). “Medical gallery of Blausen Medical 2014”. WikiJournal of Medicine 1 (2). DOI:10.15347/wjm/2014.010. ISSN 2002-4436. - Own work, CC BY 3.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=30871451
Fig. 3. Flattened surface representation. (A) Derivation of a flattened patch for a single subject, showing the corresponding area on the original surface. On the patch, gyri are represented with lighter shading and sulci with darker shading. (B) Hand drawn boundaries used for group alignment. (C) Left hemisphere tonotopy map for a single subject projected on a flattened surface and in volumetric space.
By Jeff Dahl - Own work by uploader, Based on the public domain document: [1], CC BY-SA 3.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=4262200
By Vanessa Ezekowitz - Hand-drawn based on File:AcuityHumanEye.jpg by Hans-Werner Hunziker, CC BY-SA 3.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=7327065
http://www.visualexpert.com/sbfaqimages/RGBOpponent.gif
Figure 4. An expanded brain network for object recognition. In this schematic depiction of the visual system, the ventral pathway (V1 to ATL) acts much like a DNN (bottom) – extracting increasingly complex local object features, but not a complete shape. Instead, structural information describing the global shape of an object, but not its individual features (top; depicted as a red skeleton), may be computed in dorsal visual pathway regions such as IPS. This information is then sent to the ventral pathway to form a complete object representation. Abbreviations: ATL, anterior temporal lobe; DNN, deep neural network; IPS, intraparietal sulcus; L1–L6, layers 1–6; LOC, lateral occipital complex; V1–V4, visual areas 1–4.
