class: center, middle, inverse, title-slide # 2018-03-12 Motion ## PSY 525.001 • Vision Science • 2018 Spring ### Rick Gilmore ### 2018-03-12 09:17:46 --- # Today's topics -- ## Motion --- class: middle, center ## Image motion ## Detecting/computing motion ## Sources and types of motion --- class: middle, center # Motion detection --- class: middle, center ## Motion -> Change in Luminance/Time ## Speed = Distance/Time ## Speed = `$$\frac{d_2-d_1}{t_2-t_1}$$` --- class: middle, center <img src="http://www.georgemather.com/Image/modelFig1.gif"/> <http://www.georgemather.com/Model.html> ## Speed/direction are slopes in space-time [(Adelson & Bergen, 1985)](https://doi.org/10.1364/JOSAA.2.000284) --- class: middle, center ![](2018-03-12-motion_files/figure-html/unnamed-chunk-1-1.png)<!-- --> --- class: middle, center <img src="img/palmer-fig-10.1.4.png" height=500px/> # Detection thresholds lie within a range --- class: middle, center <p><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Phi_phenomenom_no_watermark.gif#/media/File:Phi_phenomenom_no_watermark.gif"><img src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/09/Phi_phenomenom_no_watermark.gif" alt="Phi phenomenom no watermark.gif"></a><br>By Copied from the very nice animation at <a href="//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Phi_Phenomenon.gif" title="File:Phi Phenomenon.gif">Image:Phi_Phenomenon.gif</a>, but with the watermark with the image author's name removed in accordance with <a class="external autonumber" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WP:IUP#User-created_images">[1]</a> - English Wikipedia The original file was upload by English-Wiki user Cromis, <a href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0" title="Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 3.0">CC BY-SA 3.0</a>, <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=8051039">Link</a></p> ## Apparent motion --- class: middle, center <iframe width="560" height="315" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/-zbzt7Cb2e4?rel=0" frameborder="0" allow="autoplay; encrypted-media" allowfullscreen></iframe> ## `\(\phi\)` (phi) motion (Wertheimer, 1912) --- class: middle, center <iframe width="560" height="315" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/V8A4qudmsX0?rel=0" frameborder="0" allow="autoplay; encrypted-media" allowfullscreen></iframe> --- class: middle, center <iframe width="560" height="315" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/QOwzkND_ooU?rel=0" frameborder="0" allow="autoplay; encrypted-media" allowfullscreen></iframe> ## Wagon wheel illusion illustrates correspondence problem in apparent motion --- class: middle, center <iframe width="560" height="315" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/lvvcRdwNhGM?rel=0" frameborder="0" allow="autoplay; encrypted-media" allowfullscreen></iframe> ## Motion from static samples smeared in space --- class: middle, center <iframe width="560" height="315" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/VNVmBVHVlmQ?rel=0" frameborder="0" allow="autoplay; encrypted-media" allowfullscreen></iframe> --- class: middle, center <iframe width="560" height="315" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/1cSR3FTQTyc?rel=0" frameborder="0" allow="autoplay; encrypted-media" allowfullscreen></iframe> ## "Strobe" enabled animation --- class: middle, center <p><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Aperture_problem_animated.gif#/media/File:Aperture_problem_animated.gif"><img src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f0/Aperture_problem_animated.gif" alt="Aperture problem animated.gif"></a><br>By The original uploader was <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User:Rokers" class="extiw" title="wikipedia:User:Rokers">Rokers</a> at <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/" class="extiw" title="wikipedia:">English Wikipedia</a> - Transferred from <span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="//en.wikipedia.org">en.wikipedia</a></span> to Commons., <a href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/" title="Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 3.0">CC BY-SA 3.0</a>, <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=1881352">Link</a></p> ## Aperture problem --- class: middle, center <img src="http://fourier.eng.hmc.edu/e180/lectures/figures/aperture.gif"/> <img src="http://fourier.eng.hmc.edu/e180/lectures/figures/aperture_problem_1.gif"/> <img src="http://fourier.eng.hmc.edu/e180/lectures/figures/aperture_problem_2.gif"/> <http://fourier.eng.hmc.edu/e180/lectures/motion/node11.html> --- class: middle, center <iframe width="560" height="315" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/WhbZesV2GRk?rel=0" frameborder="0" allow="autoplay; encrypted-media" allowfullscreen></iframe> <https://rmartins.net/demos/ambiguous-and-unambiguous-plaid-motion-stimuli-psychophysics-toolbox> ## Plaid motion illustrates motion integration/segregation --- class: middle, center # Detecting/computing motion --- class: middle, center <img src="img/palmer-fig-10.1.1.png" height=500px/> Palmer 1990, Fig 10.1.1 ## Motion as a trajectory in space-time --- class: middle, center <img src="http://www.pnas.org/content/pnas/101/46/16333/F1.medium.gif"/> ## [(Werner) Reichardt](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Werner_E._Reichardt) detector --- class: middle, center <img src="http://www.georgemather.com/Image/Filters.png"/> <http://www.georgemather.com/Model.html> ## Motion Energy Filters [(Adelson & Bergen, 1985)](https://doi.org/10.1364/JOSAA.2.000284) --- class: middle, center # Sources & Types of Motion --- class: middle, center ## Source: Object vs. Self ## Direction, speed, type --- class: middle, center <iframe width="560" height="315" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/WWXL8wjGynQ?rel=0" frameborder="0" allow="autoplay; encrypted-media" allowfullscreen></iframe> ## 2D form from motion --- class: middle, center <iframe width="560" height="315" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/Y97Rxck89p8?rel=0" frameborder="0" allow="autoplay; encrypted-media" allowfullscreen></iframe> ## Flipbooks --- class: middle, center <iframe width="560" height="315" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/RdwU28bghbQ" frameborder="0" allow="autoplay; encrypted-media" allowfullscreen></iframe> ## Structure from motion --- class: middle, center <iframe width="560" height="315" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/mkhY5lANs-k?rel=0" frameborder="0" allow="autoplay; encrypted-media" allowfullscreen></iframe> ## Perceived motion can induce 3D perception via kinetic depth effect --- class: center, middle <iframe width="560" height="315" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/bVSaWXqQh0w?rel=0" frameborder="0" allow="autoplay; encrypted-media" allowfullscreen></iframe> ## Motion parallax specifies relative depth --- class: middle, center <iframe width="560" height="315" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/cGIpSHw7evg?rel=0" frameborder="0" allow="autoplay; encrypted-media" allowfullscreen></iframe> ## Optic flow specifies observer motion --- class: center, middle <video controls> <source src="mov/wilkie-flow.mp4" type="video/mp4"> Your browser does not support the video tag. </video> <http://viperlib.york.ac.uk/categories/104-optic-flow/contributions/1596-pureflow-2002?from_preview=true> --- class: middle, center <iframe width="560" height="315" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/4VGVwOmn6bk?rel=0" frameborder="0" allow="autoplay; encrypted-media" allowfullscreen></iframe> ## Binocular motion signals and 3D perception <!-- --- --> <!-- class: center, middle --> <!-- <iframe width="560" height="315" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/xUcwbjaGGNM?rel=0" frameborder="0" allow="autoplay; encrypted-media" allowfullscreen></iframe> --> <!-- ## Random dot kinematogram (RDK) motion parameters --> --- class: middle, center <iframe width="560" height="315" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/skZM8XEE9Eo?rel=0" frameborder="0" allow="autoplay; encrypted-media" allowfullscreen></iframe> ## Motion integration --- class: middle, center <iframe width="560" height="315" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/tGJYSIBETho?rel=0" frameborder="0" allow="autoplay; encrypted-media" allowfullscreen></iframe> ## Second-order (changes in contrast, texture, etc.) but not overall luminance --- class: middle, center <img src="https://www.the-scientist.com/images/June2015/Footsteps.gif"/> ## Relative contrast matters --- class: middle, center <img src="https://www.the-scientist.com/images/June2015/Bugsy21.gif"/> ## Context effects [Anstis, 2015](https://www.the-scientist.com/?articles.view/articleNo/43036/title/Seeing-Isn-t-Believing/) --- class: middle, center <img src="https://www.the-scientist.com/images/June2015/Kim2.gif"/> ## Grouping effects [Anstis, 2015](https://www.the-scientist.com/?articles.view/articleNo/43036/title/Seeing-Isn-t-Believing/) --- class: middle, center <img src="https://www.the-scientist.com/images/June2015/Kim1.gif"/> ## Grouping effects [Anstis, 2015](https://www.the-scientist.com/?articles.view/articleNo/43036/title/Seeing-Isn-t-Believing/) --- class: middle, center <iframe width="560" height="315" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/uF4KUmC9L3M?rel=0&start=122" frameborder="0" allow="autoplay; encrypted-media" allowfullscreen></iframe> ## Motion detection, integration --- class: middle, center <iframe width="560" height="315" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/Iw8idyw_N6Q?rel=0" frameborder="0" allow="autoplay; encrypted-media" allowfullscreen></iframe> ## Anomalous motion illusions --- class: middle, center <img src="img/breathing_windows.jpg" height=450px/> <http://viperlib.york.ac.uk/categories/91-eye-movements/contributions/2060-breathing-windows?from_preview=true> --- class: middle, center ## PsychoPy, <http://www.psychopy.org/> ## Matlab Psychophysics Toolbox, <http://psychtoolbox.org/> --- class: middle, center, inverse # Break --- class: middle, center Johansson, G. (1973). Visual perception of biological motion and a model for its analysis. *Perception & Psychophysics*, *14*(2), 201–211. Springer-Verlag. Retrieved December 20, 2017, from https://link.springer.com/article/10.3758/BF03212378 --- class: middle, center <iframe width="560" height="315" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/1F5ICP9SYLU" frameborder="0" allow="autoplay; encrypted-media" allowfullscreen></iframe> --- class: middle, center <iframe width="560" height="315" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/KT89CQ2nRpo" frameborder="0" allow="autoplay; encrypted-media" allowfullscreen></iframe> --- class: middle, center Newsome, W. T., & Paré, E. B. (1988). A selective impairment of motion perception following lesions of the middle temporal visual area (MT). *The Journal of Neuroscience*, *8*(6), 2201–2211. Retrieved March 30, 2015, from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3385495 --- class: middle, center <img src="http://thebrain.mcgill.ca/flash/a/a_02/a_02_cr/a_02_cr_vis/a_02_cr_vis_3a.jpg"/> --- class: middle, center <img src="http://thebrain.mcgill.ca/flash/a/a_02/a_02_cr/a_02_cr_vis/a_02_cr_vis_3c.jpg"/> --- class: center, middle Slides created via the R package [**xaringan**](https://github.com/yihui/xaringan). Rendered HTML and supporting files are pushed to GitHub where GitHub's 'pages' feature is used to host and serve the course website.