• Quiz 1 on Friday
• Possible change of venue for Monday, 9/11.

• Neuroanatomy
  • Forebrain
  • Spinal cord
  • Cranial nerves
  • Autonomic nervous system (ANS)

• Bulge on brain stem
• Neuromodulatory nuclei
• Relay to cerebellum
• Cranial nerve V

Tectum

Tegmentum

• Tectum -> "roof"
• Superior colliculus and inferior colliculus
• Reflexive orienting of eyes, head, ears

• Tegmentum -> "floor"
• Species-typical movement sequences
• Cranial nerves III, IV
• Neuromodulatory nuclei
  • Dopamine (DA)
  • Norepinephrine (NE)
  • Serotonin (5-HT)

Diencephalon

Telencephalon

• Thalamus
• Hypothalamus

• Input to cortex
• Functionally distinct nuclei (collection of neurons)
  • Lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN), vision
  • Medial geniculate nucleus (MGN), audition

• Five Fs: fighting, fleeing/freezing, feeding, and reproduction
• Controls pituitary gland (“master” gland)
  • Anterior pituitary (indirect release of hormones)
  • Posterior (direct release of hormones)
    • Oxytocin
    • Vasopressin

• Basal (not basil) ganglia
• Hippocampus
• Amygdala
• Cerebral cortex

• Skill and habit learning
• Sequencing of movement
• Example: Parkinson’s Disease

• Striatum
  • Dorsal
    • Caudate nucleus
    • Putamen
  • Ventral
    • Nucleus accumbens (NAcc)

• Globus pallidus
• Subthalamic nucleus
• Substantia nigra (in tegmentum)

• From Greek for "sea horse"
• Immediately lateral to lateral ventricles
• Memories of specific facts or events, spatial locations
• Implicated in Alzheimer's Disease
• Fornix projects to hypothalamus
• Mammillary bodies

• “almond”
• Physiological state, behavioral readiness, affect
• NOT the fear center! (LeDoux 2015).

• Cerebral hemispheres
• Groove (sulcus or sulci)
• Bumps (gyrus or gyri)
• Grey vs. white matter
• Lobes

• Grey matter
  • Cell bodies, dendrites, axons, glia, vessels
• White matter
  • Mostly axons (covered in myelin)

• Frontal
• Temporal
• Parietal
• Occipital
• Related to cranial bones of the skull

• Connect left and right hemispheres
• Corpus callosum
• Anterior, Posterior Commissures

• Where is it?
  • Anterior to central sulcus
  • Superior to lateral fissure
  • Dorsal to temporal lobe

• What does it do/contain?
  • Primary motor cortex (M1)
  • Pre-central gyrus (pre/anterior to central sulcus)

• What does it do/contain?
  • Prefrontal cortex
    • Planning, problem solving, working memory…?
  • Anterior cingulate cortex (ACC)
  • Primary olfactory cortex
  • Gustatory cortex

• Where is it?
  • Ventral to frontal, parietal lobes
  • Inferior to lateral fissure

• What does it do/contain?
  • Primary auditory cortex (A1)
  • Object, face recognition
  • Amygdala, hippocampus
  • Storage of memories about events, objects
  • Olfactory cortex

• Where is it?
  • Caudal to frontal lobe
  • Dorsal to temporal lobe
  • Posterior to central sulcus

• What does it do/contain?
  • Primary somatosensory cortex
  • Perception of spatial relations, action planning

• Post-central -> "posterior to" central sulcus
• Primary somatosensory cortex (S1)

• Where is it?
  • Caudal to parietal & temporal lobes
• What does it do/contain?
  • Primary visual cortex (V1)

• Where is it?
  • medial to temporal lobe
  • deep inside lateral fissure

• What does it do/contain?
  • Primary gustatory cortex
  • self-awareness, interpersonal experiences, motor control

• Korbinian Brodmann
• Cytoarchitectonic differences in cerebral cortex

• Rostral/Caudal axis
  • Spinal column w/ vertebrae
  • Cervical (8), thoracic (12), lumbar (5), sacral (5), coccygeal (1)
  • Spinal segments & 31 nerve pairs
  • Cauda equina

• Organization of the spinal cord
  • Dorsal/Ventral
    • Dorsal root (sensory)
    • Ventral root (mostly motor)
  • Grey (interior) vs. white matter (exterior)

• Somatic division

• Autonomic division

• Cranial nerves

• Spinal nerves

• Afferents (input), efferents (output), or mixed
• Innervate head and neck
• Olfactory (I), optic (II), (VIII) auditory, vagus (X), etc.
• Spinal nerves

• CNS & PNS components
• Controls "vegetative functions""
  • Limited voluntary control
• Two divisions
  • Sympathetic
  • Parasympathetic

• Prepares body for action
• "Fight or flight""
• Spinal cord
  • ganglion chain along spinal column to End organs
• NTs
  • Preganglionic: ACh
  • Post: NE

• Para -> "around"
• Restorative function
• "Rest & digest"
• Spinal cord -> ganglia near end organs -> end organ
  • NT: ACh

• Neuroanatomy lab