2017-09-11 10:38:54

Announcements

  • Quiz 1 on Friday
  • Possible change of venue for Monday, 9/11.

Today's topics

  • Neuroanatomy
    • Forebrain
    • Spinal cord
    • Cranial nerves
    • Autonomic nervous system (ANS)

Organization of the brain

Major division Ventricular Landmark Embryonic Division Structure
Forebrain Lateral Telencephalon Cerebral cortex
Basal ganglia
Hippocampus, amygdala
Third Diencephalon Thalamus
Hypothalamus
Midbrain Cerebral Aqueduct Mesencephalon Tectum, tegmentum

Organization of the brain

Major division Ventricular Landmark Embryonic Division Structure
Hindbrain 4th Metencephalon Cerebellum, pons
Mylencephalon Medulla oblongata

Pons

  • Bulge on brain stem
  • Neuromodulatory nuclei
  • Relay to cerebellum
  • Cranial nerve V

Midbrain

Midbrain components

Tectum

Tegmentum

Tectum

Tectum

  • Tectum -> "roof"
  • Superior colliculus and inferior colliculus
  • Reflexive orienting of eyes, head, ears

Tegmentum

  • Tegmentum -> "floor"
  • Species-typical movement sequences
  • Cranial nerves III, IV
  • Neuromodulatory nuclei
    • Dopamine (DA)
    • Norepinephrine (NE)
    • Serotonin (5-HT)

Forebrain

Forebrain Components

Diencephalon

Telencephalon

Diencephalon

Diencephalon Components

  • Thalamus
  • Hypothalamus

Thalamus

Thalamus functions

  • Input to cortex
  • Functionally distinct nuclei (collection of neurons)
    • Lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN), vision
    • Medial geniculate nucleus (MGN), audition

Hypothalamus

  • Five Fs: fighting, fleeing/freezing, feeding, and reproduction
  • Controls pituitary gland (“master” gland)
    • Anterior pituitary (indirect release of hormones)
    • Posterior (direct release of hormones)
      • Oxytocin
      • Vasopressin

Hypothalamus

Telencephalon components

  • Basal (not basil) ganglia
  • Hippocampus
  • Amygdala
  • Cerebral cortex

Basal ganglia

  • Skill and habit learning
  • Sequencing of movement
  • Example: Parkinson’s Disease

Basal ganglia

Basal ganglia

Basal ganglia

Hippocampus

  • From Greek for "sea horse"
  • Immediately lateral to lateral ventricles
  • Memories of specific facts or events, spatial locations
  • Implicated in Alzheimer's Disease
  • Fornix projects to hypothalamus
  • Mammillary bodies

Hippocampus

Amygdala

  • “almond”
  • Physiological state, behavioral readiness, affect
  • NOT the fear center! (LeDoux 2015).

Cerebral Cortex

  • Cerebral hemispheres
  • Groove (sulcus or sulci)
  • Bumps (gyrus or gyri)
  • Grey vs. white matter
  • Lobes

Cortical Gyri – Lateral

Cortical Gyri – Medial

Grey vs. White Matter

Lobes of the cerebral cortex

  • Frontal
  • Temporal
  • Parietal
  • Occipital
  • Related to cranial bones of the skull

Landmarks of the cortex

Medial longitudinal fissure (longitudinal fissure)

Lateral sulcus/fissure

Central sulcus

Representative interhemispheric fiber tracts in the cortex

Corpus callosum

Anterior, Posterior Commissures

Lobes of the Cerebral Cortex

Frontal lobe

  • Where is it?
    • Anterior to central sulcus
    • Superior to lateral fissure
    • Dorsal to temporal lobe

Frontal lobe

  • What does it do/contain?
    • Primary motor cortex (M1)
    • Pre-central gyrus (pre/anterior to central sulcus)

Blausen 0103 Brain Sensory&Motor.png

Frontal lobe

  • What does it do/contain?
    • Prefrontal cortex
      • Planning, problem solving, working memory…?
    • Anterior cingulate cortex (ACC)
    • Primary olfactory cortex
    • Gustatory cortex

Cingulate Gyrus

Temporal lobe

  • Where is it?
    • Ventral to frontal, parietal lobes
    • Inferior to lateral fissure

Temporal lobe

  • What does it do/contain?
    • Primary auditory cortex (A1)
    • Object, face recognition
    • Amygdala, hippocampus
    • Storage of memories about events, objects
    • Olfactory cortex

Parietal lobe

  • Where is it?
    • Caudal to frontal lobe
    • Dorsal to temporal lobe
    • Posterior to central sulcus

Parietal lobe

  • What does it do/contain?
    • Primary somatosensory cortex
    • Perception of spatial relations, action planning

Post-central gyrus

  • Post-central -> "posterior to" central sulcus
  • Primary somatosensory cortex (S1)

Blausen 0103 Brain Sensory&Motor.png

Occipital lobe

  • Where is it?
    • Caudal to parietal & temporal lobes
  • What does it do/contain?
    • Primary visual cortex (V1)

Visual Cortex

Insular cortex (insula)

  • Where is it?
    • medial to temporal lobe
    • deep inside lateral fissure

Insula

Insula

  • What does it do/contain?
    • Primary gustatory cortex
    • self-awareness, interpersonal experiences, motor control

Lobes, landmarks, areas

Lobe Sulci Gyri Areas
Frontal Central sulcus Precentral gyrus motor cortex
Corpus callosum Cingulate gyrus anterior cingulate cortex
olfactory cortex
gustatory cortex

Lobes, landmarks, areas

Lobe Sulci Gyri Areas
Temporal Lateral fissure auditory cortex
olfactory cortex
hipppocampus
amygdala

Lobes, landmarks, areas

Lobe Sulci Gyri Areas
Parietal Central sulcus Postcentral gyrus somatosensory ctx
Occipital visual ctx
Insula Lateral fissure gustatory ctx

Brodmann Areas

Brodmann Areas

Brodmann Areas

Spinal cord

  • Rostral/Caudal axis
    • Spinal column w/ vertebrae
    • Cervical (8), thoracic (12), lumbar (5), sacral (5), coccygeal (1)
    • Spinal segments & 31 nerve pairs
    • Cauda equina

Spinal cord

Spinal cord

  • Organization of the spinal cord
    • Dorsal/Ventral
      • Dorsal root (sensory)
      • Ventral root (mostly motor)
    • Grey (interior) vs. white matter (exterior)

Organization of the PNS

  • Somatic division
  • Autonomic division

  • Cranial nerves
  • Spinal nerves

Cranial nerves

  • Afferents (input), efferents (output), or mixed
  • Innervate head and neck
  • Olfactory (I), optic (II), (VIII) auditory, vagus (X), etc.
  • Spinal nerves

Cranial nerves

Autonomic nervous system

  • CNS & PNS components
  • Controls "vegetative functions""
    • Limited voluntary control
  • Two divisions
    • Sympathetic
    • Parasympathetic

ANS

Sympathetic division

  • Prepares body for action
  • "Fight or flight""
  • Spinal cord
    • ganglion chain along spinal column to End organs
  • NTs
    • Preganglionic: ACh
    • Post: NE

Parasympathetic division

  • Para -> "around"
  • Restorative function
  • "Rest & digest"
  • Spinal cord -> ganglia near end organs -> end organ
    • NT: ACh

Next time…

  • Neuroanatomy lab

References