2017-10-27 10:13:54
Please put in their proper order the steps that lead to synaptic communication between neurons. Begin with the presynaptic cell.
- Voltage-gated Ca++ channels open.
- Ca++ flow initiates exocytosis of neurotransmitter.
- Action potential propagates down the axon to the axon terminal.
- Ligand-gated receptors bind neurotransmitter and activate channels in the postsynaptic cell.
- Neurotransmitter diffuses across the synaptic cleft.
- (Q2) Voltage-gated Ca++ channels open.
- (Q3) Ca++ flow initiates exocytosis of neurotransmitter.
- (Q1) Action potential propagates down the axon to the axon terminal.
- (Q5) Ligand-gated receptors bind neurotransmitter and activate channels in the postsynaptic cell.
- (Q4) Neurotransmitter diffuses across the synaptic cleft.
6. If a neurotransmitter causes a postsynaptic terminal to open a \(K^+\) channel, thus increasing the outward flow of this ion, the result will be an ????.
- excitatory pre-synaptic potential
- inhibitory post-synaptic potential
- enhanced peri-synaptic potential
- intrinsic pre-synaptic potential
6. If a neurotransmitter causes a postsynaptic terminal to open a \(K^{+}\) channel, thus increasing the outward flow of this ion, the result will be an ????.
- excitatory pre-synaptic potential
- inhibitory post-synaptic potential
- enhanced peri-synaptic potential
- intrinsic pre-synaptic potential
7. The brain's response to threatening or challenging situations involves both a/an ???? component (via the release of corticosteroids) and a/an ???? component (via the sympathetic nervous system).
- endocrine; neural
- dopamine; serotonin
- glutamate; GABA
- monoamine; amino acid
7. The brain's response to threatening or challenging situations involves both a/an ???? component (via the release of corticosteroids) and a/an ???? component (via the sympathetic nervous system).
- endocrine; neural
- dopamine; serotonin
- glutamate; GABA
- monoamine; amino acid
Match the hormone to its function: 8. Oxytocin; 9. Cortisol
- stress response; increases blood glucose levels; anti-inflammatory effect.
- uterine contraction; milk release; bonding.
- regulates seasonal changes; sexual maturation.
- blood vessel constriction; antidiuretic hormone.
Match the hormone to its function: 8. Oxytocin; 9. Cortisol
- stress response; increases blood glucose levels; anti-inflammatory effect.
- uterine contraction; milk release; bonding
- regulates seasonal changes; sexual maturation.
- blood vessel constriction; antidiuretic hormone.
10. Botulinum toxin (botox) blocks the release of acetylcholine (ACh) from presynaptic terminals. In large quantities, this can be ???? because it ????.
- good; speeds the conduction of action potentials.
- bad; blocks communication to muscle fibers.
- good; accelerates \(K^+\) flow.
- bad; affects the size and number of presynaptic IPSPs.
10. Botulinum toxin (botox) blocks the release of acetylcholine (ACh) from presynaptic terminals. In large quantities, this can be ???? because it ????.
- good; speeds the conduction of action potentials.
- bad; blocks communication to muscle fibers.
- good; accelerates \(K^+\) flow.
- bad; affects the size and number of presynaptic IPSPs.
11. ???? is a kind of ???? brain imaging method used to study axon fiber (white matter) tracts.
- Structural MRI; structural.
- Positron Emission Tomography (PET); functional.
- Magnetoencephalography; functional.
- diffusion tensor imaging (DTI); structural.
11. ???? is a kind of ???? brain imaging method used to study axon fiber (white matter) tracts.
- Structural MRI; structural.
- Positron Emission Tomography (PET); functional.
- Magnetoencephalography; functional.
- diffusion tensor imaging (DTI); structural.
12. The enzyme AChE contributes to the ???? of ????.
- Breakdown and inactivation; acetylcholine.
- Breakdown and inactivation; dopamine, norepinephrine, and epinephrine.
- Postsynaptic reuptake; serotonin.
- Increase in monoamine levels; GABA-releasing neurons.
12. The enzyme AChE contributes to the ???? of ????.
- Breakdown and inactivation; acetylcholine.
- Breakdown and inactivation; dopamine, norepinephrine, and epinephrine.
- Postsynaptic reuptake; serotonin.
- Increase in monoamine levels; GABA-releasing neurons.
13. This neurotransmitter is released by motor neurons onto skeletal muscle.
- GABA
- Serotonin
- Acetylcholine
- Glutamate
13. This neurotransmitter is released by motor neurons onto skeletal muscle.
- GABA
- Serotonin
- Acetylcholine
- Glutamate
14. Selective reuptake inhibitors like Prozac act on ????, ???? the normal process of inactivation.
- synaptic vesicles; slowing.
- postsynaptic receptors; accelerating.
- presynaptic transporters; slowing.
- \(Na^+\)/\(K^+\) pumps; accelerating.
14. Selective reuptake inhibitors like Prozac act on ????, ???? the normal process of inactivation.
- synaptic vesicles; slowing.
- postsynaptic receptors; accelerating.
- presynaptic transporters; slowing.
- \(Na^+\)/\(K^+\) pumps; accelerating.
15. The meso-limbo-cortical projection from the ???? in the midbrain releases the neurotransmitter ????.
- ventral tegmental area; dopamine.
- raphe nucleus; NE.
- superior colliculus; glutamate.
- thalamus; GABA.
15. The meso-limbo-cortical projection from the ???? in the midbrain releases the neurotransmitter ????.
- ventral tegmental area; dopamine.
- raphe nucleus; NE.
- superior colliculus; glutamate.
- thalamus; GABA.
16. The lateral fissure divides the ????.
- left hemisphere from the right.
- temporal lobe from the frontal and parietal lobes.
- frontal lobe from the parietal lobes.
- corpus callosum from the anterior commissure.
16. The lateral fissure divides the ????.
- left hemisphere from the right.
- temporal lobe from the frontal and parietal lobes.
- frontal lobe from the parietal lobes.
- corpus callosum from the anterior commissure.
17. This small cell type contributes to the `pruning' of dendritic spines from unused synapses in the CNS.
- Pyramidal cells.
- microglia.
- Schwann cells.
- Stellate cells.
17. This small cell type contributes to the `pruning' of dendritic spines from unused synapses in the CNS.
- Pyramidal cells.
- microglia.
- Schwann cells.
- Stellate cells.
18. ???? receptors do not contain their own ion channel.
- ionotropic
- metabotropic
- ligand-gated
- voltage-gated
18. ???? receptors do not contain their own ion channel.
- ionotropic
- metabotropic
- ligand-gated
- voltage-gated
19. ???? is the primary excitatory neurotransmitter in the CNS; ???? is the primary neurotransmitter of CNS output.
- GABA; glutamate.
- glutamate; GABA.
- glutamate; acetylcholine.
- Acetylcholine; glutamate.
19. ???? is the primary excitatory neurotransmitter in the CNS; ???? is the primary neurotransmitter of CNS output.
- GABA; glutamate.
- glutamate; GABA.
- glutamate; acetylcholine.
- Acetylcholine; glutamate.
20. Hormonal action ???? than neuronal action.
- is faster-acting.
- is more specific in its effects.
- is slower-acting.
- involves greater voluntary control.
20. Hormonal action ???? than neuronal action.
- is faster-acting.
- is more specific in its effects.
- is slower-acting.
- involves greater voluntary control.
21. Opening a channel permeable to \(Na^+\) in a neuron at its resting potential would have a/an ???? effect.
- excitatory.
- inhibitory.
- modulatory.
- Ca++ activating.
21. Opening a channel permeable to \(Na^+\) in a neuron at its resting potential would have a/an ???? effect.
- excitatory.
- inhibitory.
- modulatory.
- Ca++ activating.
Match the endocrine structure with the function: 22. Hypothalamus; 23. Adrenal Cortex
- Circadian rhythms.
- Responds to adrenocoricotropic hormone (ACTH) by releasing cortisol.
- Releases NE and epinephrine.
- Controls hormone secretions into and by pituitary.
Match the endocrine structure with the function: 22. Hypothalamus; 23. Adrenal Cortex
- Circadian rhythms.
- Responds to adrenocoricotropic hormone (ACTH) by releasing cortisol.
- Releases NE and epinephrine.
- Controls hormone secretions into and by pituitary.
Match the Roman numeral in the figure below, to the processes and structures in the hormonal action cycle the figure depicts.
I (24)
- Nerve impulses activate temporal lobe neurons.
- Nerve impulses activate the hypothalamus.
- Nerve impluses activate the anterior pituitary.
- Somatosensory cortex activates the thalamus.
I (24)
- Nerve impulses activate temporal lobe neurons.
- Nerve impulses activate the hypothalamus.
- Nerve impluses activate the anterior pituitary.
- Somatosensory cortex activates the thalamus.
II (25)
- Posterior pituitary.
- Hippocampus.
- Anterior pituitary.
- Hypothalamus.
II (25)
- Posterior pituitary.
- Hippocampus.
- Anterior pituitary.
- Hypothalamus.
III (26)
- Posterior pituitary.
- Anterior pituitary.
- Pineal gland.
- Hypothalamus.
III (26)
- Posterior pituitary.
- Anterior pituitary.
- Pineal gland.
- Hypothalamus.
IV (27)
- Release of GnRH into blood stream.
- Release of melatonin into blood stream.
- Release of oxytocin into blood stream.
- Release of cortisol into blood stream.
IV (27)
- Release of GnRH into blood stream.
- Release of melatonin into blood stream.
- Release of oxytocin into blood stream.
- Release of cortisol into blood stream.
28. Both Parkinson's Disease and schizophrenia have been linked to disturbances in ???? neurotransmitter systems.
- dopamine.
- GABA.
- acetylcholine.
- serotonin.
28. Both Parkinson's Disease and schizophrenia have been linked to disturbances in ???? neurotransmitter systems.
- dopamine.
- GABA.
- acetylcholine.
- serotonin.
29. The human neural tube begins to form at about ???? weeks of gestation, eventually becoming the ????.
- 13; peripheral nervous system
- 40; autonomic nervous system
- 3; cerebral ventricles & central canal of the spinal cord
- 1; cerebral aqueduct of the midbrain
29. The human neural tube begins to form at about ???? weeks of gestation, eventually becoming the ????.
- 13; peripheral nervous system
- 40; autonomic nervous system
- 3; cerebral ventricles & central canal of the spinal cord
- 1; cerebral aqueduct of the midbrain
30. The release of the circadian-rhythm-regulating hormone ???? from the ???? is controlled by a sympathetic nervous system neuron which releases ???? as a neurotransmitter.
- melatonin; pineal gland; norepinephrine
- melanin; posterior pituitary; GABA
- vasopressin; anterior pituitary; dopamine
- norepinephrine; adrenal cortex; serotonin
30. The release of the circadian-rhythm-regulating hormone ???? from the ???? is controlled by a sympathetic nervous system neuron which releases ???? as a neurotransmitter.
- melatonin; pineal gland; norepinephrine
- melanin; posterior pituitary; GABA
- vasopressin; anterior pituitary; dopamine
- norepinephrine; adrenal cortex; serotonin
31. A chemical released by one neuron onto another neuron is called a ???? while one released by a neuron into the bloodstream is called a ????.
- tropic hormone; releasing hormone
- reuptake inhibitor; endocrine enhancer
- neurotransmitter; hormone
- ligand-gated channel; voltage-gated channel
31. A chemical released by one neuron onto another neuron is called a ???? while one released by a neuron into the bloodstream is called a ????.
- tropic hormone; releasing hormone
- reuptake inhibitor; endocrine enhancer
- neurotransmitter; hormone
- ligand-gated channel; voltage-gated channel
32. Specialized molecules embedded in the presynaptic membrane called transporters contribute to the ???? phase of neurotransmitter release.
- inactivation
- action potential
- voltage-gated \(Ca^++\) exit
- second messenger signaling
32. Specialized molecules embedded in the presynaptic membrane called transporters contribute to the ???? phase of neurotransmitter release.
- inactivation
- action potential
- voltage-gated \(Ca^++\) exit
- second messenger signaling
33. One feature of the human brain that now appears especially distinctive and important in explaining our cognitive capacity is the ????.
- number of neurons in the cerebral cortex
- number of neurons in the cerebellum
- the size of the cerebellum
- the speed of action potential propagation
33. One feature of the human brain that now appears especially distinctive and important in explaining our cognitive capacity is the ????.
- number of neurons in the cerebral cortex
- number of neurons in the cerebellum
- the size of the cerebellum
- the speed of action potential propagation
34. The first animals with neurons and nervous systems emerged around the time of the ????, about ???? years ago.
- "Big Bang"; 13.8 billion
- formation of the Earth; 4.6 billion
- Cambrian Explosion; 540 million
- end of the last Ice Age; 12,000
34. The first animals with neurons and nervous systems emerged around the time of the ????, about ???? years ago.
- "Big Bang"; 13.8 billion
- formation of the Earth; 4.6 billion
- Cambrian Explosion; 540 million
- end of the last Ice Age; 12,000
35. Cortical areas in humans have maximal synaptic density ????.
- in the 30s and 40s
- in adolescence
- prenatally
- before the age of 5.
35. Cortical areas in humans have maximal synaptic density ????.
- in the 30s and 40s
- in adolescence
- prenatally
- before the age of 5.
36. The formation of synapses (synaptogenesis) ????; myelination ????.
- continues long after birth; also continues long after birth.
- continues long after birth; stops before birth.
- ends before birth; continues long after birth.
- ends before birth; also ends before birth.
36. The formation of synapses (synaptogenesis) ????; myelination ????.
- continues long after birth; also continues long after birth.
- continues long after birth; stops before birth.
- ends before birth; continues long after birth.
- ends before birth; also ends before birth.
37. Across the animal kingdom, bigger animals generally have ???? brains.
- bigger.
- smaller.
- smooother, less wrinkled.
- radially symmetric.
37. Across the animal kingdom, bigger animals generally have ???? brains.
- bigger.
- smaller.
- smooother, less wrinkled.
- radially symmetric.
38. The vast majority of neurons and glia in the CNS are generated ???? from a set of precursor cells that line the ????.
- prenatally; neural tube
- prenatally; synaptic vesicles
- postnatally; neural tube
- postnatally; synaptic vesicles
38. The vast majority of neurons and glia in the CNS are generated ???? from a set of precursor cells that line the ????.
- prenatally; neural tube
- prenatally; synaptic vesicles
- postnatally; neural tube
- postnatally; synaptic vesicles
39. Gap junctions support ???? between cells.
- direct electrical coupling
- chemical communication
- slow communication
- hormonal signaling
39. Gap junctions support ???? between cells.
- direct electrical coupling
- chemical communication
- slow communication
- hormonal signaling
40. The release of glutamate onto an AMPA receptor on a neuron's dendrite produces an ????.
- inhibitory postsynaptic potential (IPSP)
- electrochemical postsynaptic potential (EPSP)
- inwardly-driven postsynaptic potential (IPSP)
- excitatory postsynaptic potential (EPSP)
40. The release of glutamate onto an AMPA receptor on a neuron's dendrite produces an ????.
- inhibitory postsynaptic potential (IPSP)
- electrochemical postsynaptic potential (EPSP)
- inwardly-driven postsynaptic potential (IPSP)
- excitatory postsynaptic potential (EPSP)
41. The hippocampus is located deep within which lobe of the cerebral cortex?
- Temporal.
- Frontal.
- Parietal.
- Occipital.
41. The hippocampus is located deep within which lobe of the cerebral cortex?
- Temporal.
- Frontal.
- Parietal.
- Occipital.
42. All of these brain development processes show patterns of increase and decline in the first several months (or years) of life except.
- myelination
- synaptogenesis
- thickness of cerebral cortex
- number of neurons in spinal cord.
42. All of these brain development processes show patterns of increase and decline in the first several months (or years) of life except.
- myelination
- synaptogenesis
- thickness of cerebral cortex
- number of neurons in spinal cord.
43. The 10th cranial (Xth) or vagus nerve connects to the ???? branch of the autonomic nervous system. Its neurons tend to slow heart rate and activate digestion when stimulated.
- parasympathetic.
- sympathetic.
- enteric.
- somatic.
43. The 10th cranial (Xth) or vagus nerve connects to the ???? branch of the autonomic nervous system. Its neurons tend to slow heart rate and activate digestion when stimulated.
- parasympathetic.
- sympathetic.
- enteric.
- somatic.
44. Corticotropin Releasing Hormone (CRH) is released by the ???? into the ????.
- hippocampus; amygdala.
- adrenal cortex; blood stream.
- hypothalamus; anterior pituitary.
- medulla oblongata; adrenal medulla.
44. Corticotropin Releasing Hormone (CRH) is released by the ???? into the ????.
- hippocampus; amygdala.
- adrenal cortex; blood stream.
- hypothalamus; anterior pituitary.
- medulla oblongata; adrenal medulla.