2019-02-20 16:55:54

Prelude

Today's Topics

  • Wrap-up on hormonal communication
  • Quiz 2

Warm-up

Black widow spider venom causes paralysis by impeding the normal function of which neurotransmitter system?

  • Glutamate (Glu)
  • GABA (GABA)
  • Dopamine (DA)
  • Acetylcholine (ACh)

Black widow spider venom causes paralysis by impeding the normal function of which neurotransmitter system?

  • Glutamate (Glu)
  • GABA (GABA)
  • Dopamine (DA)
  • Acetylcholine (ACh)

With one exception, the monoamine neurotransmitters bind to what type of receptors?

  • ionotropic
  • voltage-gated
  • nicotinic
  • metabotropic

With one exception, the monoamine neurotransmitters bind to what type of receptor?

  • ionotropic
  • voltage-gated
  • nicotinic
  • metabotropic

With one exception, the monoamine neurotransmitters bind to what type of receptor?

  • ionotropic
  • voltage-gated
  • nicotinic ACh binds to nAChR; ACh not a monoamine
  • metabotropic

The outward flow of this ion across the neural membrane creates what kind of PSP?

  • Cl-; IPSP
  • K+; IPSP
  • Glutamate; EPSP
  • GABA; EPSP

The outward flow of this ion across the neural membrane creates what kind of PSP?

  • Cl-; IPSP
  • K+; IPSP
  • Glutamate; EPSP
  • GABA; EPSP

The outward flow of this ion across the neural membrane creates what kind of PSP?

  • Cl-; IPSP Outward Cl- -> inside less negative == EPSP
  • K+; IPSP Make inside less positive
  • Glutamate; EPSP Glu not an ion; transported across
  • GABA; EPSP GABA not an ion; transported across

Hormones influence biologically essential behavioral and physiological functions, so which brain area would you predict controls hormonal release?

  • Cerebellum
  • Thalamus
  • Tegmentum
  • Hypothalamus

Hormones influence biologically essential behavioral and physiological functions, so which brain area would you predict controls their release?

  • Cerebellum
  • Thalamus
  • Tegmentum
  • Hypothalamus

Wrap-up on hormonal communication

Where are hormones released

Where are hormones released?

  • CNS
    • Hypothalamus
    • Pituitary
      • Anterior
      • Posterior
    • Pineal gland

Where are hormones released

Where are hormones released?

  • Rest of body
    • Thyroid
    • Adrenal (ad=adjacent, renal=kidney) gland
      • Adrenal cortex
      • Adrenal medulla
    • Gonads (testes/ovaries)

Two hypothalamus/pituitary release systems

  • Direct
  • Indirect

Direct hormone release into bloodstream

  • Hypothalamus (paraventricular, supraoptic nucleus) to
  • Posterior pituitary
    • Oxytocin
    • Arginine Vasopressin (AVP, vasopressin)

Direct release

Indirect release

  • Hypothalamus -> releasing hormones
  • Anterior pituitary -> tropic hormones
  • End organs

Indirect release

Case studies

Case 1: Responses to threat or challenge

  • Neural response
    • Sympathetic Adrenal Medulla (SAM) response
    • Sympathetic NS activation of adrenal medulla, other organs
    • Releases NE and Epi

Case 1: Responses to threat or challenge

  • Endocrine response
    • Hypothalamic Pituitary Adrenal (HPA) axis
    • Adrenal hormones released
  • Hypothalamus
    • Corticotropin Releasing Hormone (CRH)
  • Anterior pituitary
    • Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)

Case 1: Responses to threat or challenge

  • Adrenal cortex
    • Glucocorticoids (e.g., cortisol)
    • Mineralocorticoids (e.g. aldosterone)

Adrenal hormones

  • Steroids
    • Derived from cholesterol
  • Cortisol
    • increases blood glucose, anti-inflammatory
    • negative consequences of prolonged exposure
  • Aldosterone
    • Regulates Na (and water) retention in kidneys

Case 2: Reproductive behavior – the milk letdown reflex

  • Hypothalamus releases oxytocin into posterior pituitary
  • Targets milk ducts in breast tissue

Milk letdown reflex

Oxytocin's role

Oxytocin

Quiz 2

References

Domes, Gregor, Markus Heinrichs, Ekkehardt Kumbier, Annette Grossmann, Karlheinz Hauenstein, and Sabine C. Herpertz. 2013. “Effects of Intranasal Oxytocin on the Neural Basis of Face Processing in Autism Spectrum Disorder.” Biological Psychiatry 74 (3): 164–71. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biopsych.2013.02.007.

Weisman, Omri, and Ruth Feldman. 2013. “Oxytocin Effects on the Human Brain: Findings, Questions, and Future Directions.” Biological Psychiatry 74 (3): 158–59. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biopsych.2013.05.026.