- Quiz 3
- Review of Exam 2
- Temporal lobe
- Frontal lobe
- Hypothalamus
- Basal ganglia
- Parietal lobe
2019-03-20 14:26:55
Today's topics
Exam 2–Part 1
1. True or False. The primate cerebellum is larger in volume than the cerebral cortex but contains fewer nerve cells.
- True
- False
1. True or False. The primate cerebellum is larger in volume than the cerebral cortex but contains fewer nerve cells.
- True
- False
2. Influx of ______ ions into the presynaptic terminal triggers the release of neurotransmitters by means of ______
- Na+; ion transportation.
- Cl-; inhibitory postsynaptic potential enhancement.
- Ca++; exocytosis.
- K+; Na+/K+ pump activity.
2. Influx of ______ ions into the presynaptic terminal triggers the release of neurotransmitters by means of ______
- Na+; ion transportation.
- Cl-; inhibitory postsynaptic potential enhancement.
- Ca++; exocytosis.
- K+; Na+/K+ pump activity.
3. All of the following are components of the SAM axis, except:
- Midbrain.
- Sympathetic nervous system.
- Adrenal medulla.
- Hypothalamus.
3. All of the following are components of the SAM axis, except:
- Midbrain.
- Sympathetic nervous system.
- Adrenal medulla.
- Hypothalamus.
Match the hormone to its function:
4. Oxytocin
- stress response; increases blood in glucose; anti-inflammatory effect.
- uterine contraction; milk release; bonding.
- regulates seasonal changes; sexual maturation.
- blood vessel constriction; antidiuretic hormone.
4. Oxytocin
- stress response; increases blood in glucose; anti-inflammatory effect.
- uterine contraction; milk release; bonding.
- regulates seasonal changes; sexual maturation.
- blood vessel constriction; antidiuretic hormone.
5. Cortisol
- stress response; increases in blood glucose; anti-inflammatory effect.
- uterine contraction; milk release; bonding.
- regulates seasonal changes; sexual maturation.
- blood vessel constriction; antidiuretic hormone.
5. Cortisol
- stress response; increases in blood glucose; anti-inflammatory effect.
- uterine contraction; milk release; bonding.
- regulates seasonal changes; sexual maturation.
- blood vessel constriction; antidiuretic hormone.
6. Melatonin
- stress response; increases in blood glucose; anti-inflammatory effect.
- uterine contraction; milk release; bonding.
- regulates seasonal changes, circadian rhythm; sexual maturation.
- blood vessel constriction; antidiuretic hormone.
6. Melatonin
- stress response; increases in blood glucose; anti-inflammatory effect.
- uterine contraction; milk release; bonding.
- regulates seasonal changes, circadian rhythm; sexual maturation.
- blood vessel constriction; antidiuretic hormone.
7. Botulinum toxin (botox) blocks the release of acetylcholine (ACh) from presynaptic terminals. In large quantities, this can be ______ because it ______
- good; speeds the conduction of action potentials
- bad; blocks communication to muscle fibers
- good; accelerates K+ flow
- bad; affects the size and number of presynaptic IPSPs
7. Botulinum toxin (botox) blocks the release of acetylcholine (ACh) from presynaptic terminals. In large quantities, this can be ______ because it ______
- good; speeds the conduction of action potentials
- bad; blocks communication to muscle fibers
- good; accelerates K+ flow
- bad; affects the size and number of presynaptic IPSPs
8. ______ is a kind of ______ brain imaging method used to study axon fiber (white matter) tracts.
- Structural MRI; structural
- Positron Emission Tomography (PET); functional
- Magnetoencephalography; functional
- diffusion tensor imaging (DTI); structural
8. ______ is a kind of ______ brain imaging method used to study axon fiber (white matter) tracts.
- Structural MRI; structural
- Positron Emission Tomography (PET); functional
- Magnetoencephalography; functional
- diffusion tensor imaging (DTI); structural
9. The enzyme AChE contributes to the ______ of ______
- Breakdown and inactivation; acetylcholine
- Breakdown and inactivation; dopamine, norepinephrine, and epinephrine
- Postsynaptic reuptake; serotonin
- Increase in monoamine levels; GABA-releasing neuron
9. The enzyme AChE contributes to the ______ of ______
- Breakdown and inactivation; acetylcholine
- Breakdown and inactivation; dopamine, norepinephrine, and epinephrine
- Postsynaptic reuptake; serotonin
- Increase in monoamine levels; GABA-releasing neuron
10. This neurotransmitter is released by motor neurons onto skeletal muscle.
- GABA
- Serotonin
- Acetylcholine
- Glutamate
10. This neurotransmitter is released by motor neurons onto skeletal muscle.
- GABA
- Serotonin
- Acetylcholine
- Glutamate
11. Selective reuptake inhibitors like Prozac act on ______, ______ the normal process of inactivation.
- synaptic vesicles; slowing.
- postsynaptic receptors; accelerating.
- presynaptic transporters; slowing.
- Na+/K+ pumps; accelerating.
11. Selective reuptake inhibitors like Prozac act on ______, ______ the normal process of inactivation.
- synaptic vesicles; slowing.
- postsynaptic receptors; accelerating.
- presynaptic transporters; slowing.
- Na+/K+ pumps; accelerating.
Please put in their proper order the steps that lead to synaptic communication between neurons. Begin with the presynaptic cell.
12. Step 1
- Voltage-gated Ca++ channels open.
- Action potential propagates down the axon to the axon terminal.
- Ca++ entry initiates exocytosis of neurotransmitter.
- Ligand-gated receptors bind neurotransmitter and activate channels in the postsynaptic cell.
- Neurotransmitter diffuses across the synaptic cleft.
12. Step 1
- Voltage-gated Ca++ channels open.
- Action potential propagates down the axon to the axon terminal.
- Ca++ entry initiates exocytosis of neurotransmitter.
- Ligand-gated receptors bind neurotransmitter and activate channels in the postsynaptic cell.
- Neurotransmitter diffuses across the synaptic cleft.
13. Step 2
- Voltage-gated Ca++ channels open.
- Action potential propagates down the axon to the axon terminal.
- Ca++ initiates exocytosis of neurotransmitter.
- Ligand-gated receptors bind neurotransmitter and activate channels in the postsynaptic cell.
- Neurotransmitter diffuses across synaptic cleft.
13. Step 2
- Voltage-gated Ca++ channels open.
- Action potential propagates down the axon to the axon terminal.
- Ca++ initiates exocytosis of neurotransmitter.
- Ligand-gated receptors bind neurotransmitter and activate channels in the postsynaptic cell.
- Neurotransmitter diffuses across synaptic cleft.
14. Step 3
- Voltage-gated Ca++ channels open.
- Action potential propagates down the axon to the axon terminal.
- Ca++ initiates exocytosis of neurotransmitter.
- Ligand-gated receptors bind neurotransmitter and activate channels in the postsynaptic cell.
- Neurotransmitter diffuses across synaptic cleft.
14. Step 3
- Voltage-gated Ca++ channels open.
- Action potential propagates down the axon to the axon terminal.
- Ca++ initiates exocytosis of neurotransmitter.
- Ligand-gated receptors bind neurotransmitter and activate channels in the postsynaptic cell.
- Neurotransmitter diffuses across synaptic cleft.
15. Step 4
- Voltage-gated Ca++ channels open.
- Action potential propagates down the axon to the axon terminal.
- Ca++ initiates exocytosis of neurotransmitter.
- Ligand-gated receptors bind neurotransmitter and activate channels in the postsynaptic cell.
- Neurotransmitter diffuses across synaptic cleft.
15. Step 4
- Voltage-gated Ca++ channels open.
- Action potential propagates down the axon to the axon terminal.
- Ca++ initiates exocytosis of neurotransmitter.
- Ligand-gated receptors bind neurotransmitter and activate channels in the postsynaptic cell.
- Neurotransmitter diffuses across synaptic cleft.
16. Step 5
- Voltage-gated Ca++ channels open.
- Action potential propagates down the axon to the axon terminal.
- Ca++ initiates exocytosis of neurotransmitter.
- Ligand-gated receptors bind neurotransmitter and activate channels in the postsynaptic cell.
- Neurotransmitter diffuses across synaptic cleft.
16. Step 5
- Voltage-gated Ca++ channels open.
- Action potential propagates down the axon to the axon terminal.
- Ca++ initiates exocytosis of neurotransmitter.
- Ligand-gated receptors bind neurotransmitter and activate channels in the postsynaptic cell.
- Neurotransmitter diffuses across synaptic cleft.
Answer the following questions.
17. The meso-limbo-cortical projection from the ______ the midbrain releases the neurotransmitter ______. It is part of the brain’s ‘reward’ circuit.
- ventral tegmental area; dopamine
- raphe nucleus; NE
- superior colliculus; glutamate
- thalamus; GABA
17. The meso-limbo-cortical projection from the ______ the midbrain releases the neurotransmitter ______. It is part of the brain’s ‘reward’ circuit.
- ventral tegmental area; dopamine
- raphe nucleus; NE
- superior colliculus; glutamate
- thalamus; GABA
18. The lateral fissure divides the ______.
- left hemisphere from the right
- temporal lobe from the frontal and parietal lobes
- frontal lobe from the parietal lobe
- corpus callosum from the anterior commissure
18. The lateral fissure divides the ______.
- left hemisphere from the right
- temporal lobe from the frontal and parietal lobes
- frontal lobe from the parietal lobe
- corpus callosum from the anterior commissure
19. This small glial cell type contributes to the ‘pruning’ of dendritic spines from unused synapses in the CNS.
- Pyramidal cells.
- microglia
- Schwann cells.
- Stellate cells.
19. This small glial cell type contributes to the ‘pruning’ of dendritic spines from unused synapses in the CNS.
- Pyramidal cells.
- microglia
- Schwann cells.
- Stellate cells.
20. ______ receptors contain their own ion channel; ______ do not.
- Ionotropic; metabotropic
- Metabotropic; ionotropic
- GABA; glutamate
- Dopamine; serotonin
20. ______ receptors contain their own ion channel; ______ do not.
- Ionotropic; metabotropic
- Metabotropic; ionotropic
- GABA; glutamate
- Dopamine; serotonin
21. ______ is the primary excitatory neurotransmitter in the CNS; ______ is the primary neurotransmitter of CNS output.
- GABA; glutamate.
- Glutamate; GAB-
- Glutamate; acetylcholine.
- Acetylcholine; glutamate.
21. ______ is the primary excitatory neurotransmitter in the CNS; ______ is the primary neurotransmitter of CNS output.
- GABA; glutamate.
- Glutamate; GABA
- Glutamate; acetylcholine.
- Acetylcholine; glutamate.
22. Hormonal action ______ than neuronal action.
- is faster-acting
- is more specific in its effects
- is slower-acting
- involves greater voluntary control
22. Hormonal action ______ than neuronal action.
- is faster-acting
- is more specific in its effects
- is slower-acting
- involves greater voluntary control
23. Opening a channel permeable to Na+ in a neuron at its resting potential would have a/an ______ effect.
- excitatory
- inhibitory
- modulatory
- Ca++ activating
23. Opening a channel permeable to Na+ in a neuron at its resting potential would have a/an ______ effect.
- excitatory
- inhibitory
- modulatory
- Ca++ activating
Match the endocrine structure with the function.
24. Hypothalamus
- Circadian rhythms via melatonin release
- Responds to adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) by releasing cortisol
- Releases NE and epinephrine
- Controls hormone secretions into and by the pituitary
24. Hypothalamus
- Circadian rhythms via melatonin release
- Responds to adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) by releasing cortisol
- Releases NE and epinephrine
- Controls hormone secretions into and by the pituitary
25. Pineal gland
- Circadian rhythms via melatonin release
- Responds to adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) by releasing cortisol
- Releases NE and epinephrine
- Controls hormone secretions into and by the pituitary
25. Pineal gland
- Circadian rhythms via melatonin release
- Responds to adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) by releasing cortisol
- Releases NE and epinephrine
- Controls hormone secretions into and by the pituitary
26. Adrenal cortex
- Circadian rhythms via melatonin release
- Responds to adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) by releasing cortisol
- Releases NE and epinephrine
- Controls hormone secretions into and by the pituitary
26. Adrenal cortex
- Circadian rhythms via melatonin release
- Responds to adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) by releasing cortisol
- Releases NE and epinephrine
- Controls hormone secretions into and by the pituitary
Answer the following questions.
27. Animals with complex nervous systems emerged ______.
- about 4.5 billion years ago.
- about 13.7 billion years ago.
- 500-600 million years ago.
- Within the last 10,000 years.
27. Animals with complex nervous systems emerged ______.
- about 4.5 billion years ago.
- about 13.7 billion years ago.
- 500-600 million years ago.
- Within the last 10,000 years.
28. Gap junctions support ______ between cells.
- direct electrical coupling
- chemical communication
- slow communication
- hormonal signaling
28. Gap junctions support ______ between cells.
- direct electrical coupling
- chemical communication
- slow communication
- hormonal signaling
29. The release of glutamate onto an (ionotropic) AMPA receptor on a neuron’s dendrite produces an ______.
- inhibitory postsynaptic potential (IPSP)
- electrochemical postsynaptic potential (EPSP)
- inwardly-driven postsynaptic potential (IPSP)
- excitatory postsynaptic potential (EPSP)
29. The release of glutamate onto an (ionotropic) AMPA receptor on a neuron’s dendrite produces an ______.
- inhibitory postsynaptic potential (IPSP)
- electrochemical postsynaptic potential (EPSP)
- inwardly-driven postsynaptic potential (IPSP)
- excitatory postsynaptic potential (EPSP)
30. Both Parkinson’s Disease and schizophrenia have been linked to disturbances in ______ neurotransmitter systems.
- dopamine
- GABA
- acetylcholine
- serotonin
30. Both Parkinson’s Disease and schizophrenia have been linked to disturbances in ______ neurotransmitter systems.
- dopamine
- GABA
- acetylcholine
- serotonin
31. True or False. There are many details about how evolution occurred that are not yet well established.
- True.
- False.
31. True or False. There are many details about how evolution occurred that are not yet well established.
- True.
- False.
32. The human ______ has about 16 billion neurons, ______ than any other animal, including animals with larger brains.
- cerebellum; fewer
- cerebral cortex; fewer
- cerebral cortex; more
- cerebellum; more
32. The human ______ has about 16 billion neurons, ______ than any other animal, including animals with larger brains.
- cerebellum; fewer
- cerebral cortex; fewer
- cerebral cortex; more
- cerebellum; more
33. All of the following are characteristics of the vertebrate central nervous system EXCEPT.
- radial symmetry.
- segmentation.
- encephalization.
- identifiable forebrain, midbrain, and hindbrain components.
33. All of the following are characteristics of the vertebrate central nervous system EXCEPT.
- radial symmetry.
- segmentation.
- encephalization.
- identifiable forebrain, midbrain, and hindbrain components.
34. Brain mass ______ body mass in vertebrates.
- increases with
- decreases with
- has no relationship to
- can't be measured like
34. Brain mass ______ body mass in vertebrates.
- increases with
- decreases with
- has no relationship to
- can't be measured like
Match the Roman numeral in the figures below, to the process and structures in the hormonal action cycle the figure depicts.
35. I
- Posterior pituitary receives impulses from hypothalamus.
- Sensory nerve impulses project to the brain.
- Release of oxytocin into blood stream.
- Hypothalamus responds to sensory input.
35. I
- Posterior pituitary receives impulses from hypothalamus.
- Sensory nerve impulses project to the brain.
- Release of oxytocin into blood stream.
- Hypothalamus responds to sensory input.
36. II
- Posterior pituitary receives impulses from hypothalamus.
- Sensory nerve impulses project to the brain.
- Release of oxytocin into blood stream.
- Hypothalamus responds to sensory input.
36. II
- Posterior pituitary receives impulses from hypothalamus.
- Sensory nerve impulses project to the brain.
- Release of oxytocin into blood stream.
- Hypothalamus responds to sensory input.
37. III
- Posterior pituitary receives impulses from hypothalamus.
- Sensory nerve impulses project to the brain.
- Release of oxytocin into blood stream.
- Hypothalamus responds to sensory input.
37. III
- Posterior pituitary receives impulses from hypothalamus.
- Sensory nerve impulses project to the brain.
- Release of oxytocin into blood stream.
- Hypothalamus responds to sensory input.
38. IV
- Posterior pituitary receives impulses from hypothalamus.
- Sensory nerve impulses project to the brain.
- Release of oxytocin into blood stream.
- Hypothalamus responds to sensory input.
38. IV
- Posterior pituitary receives impulses from hypothalamus.
- Sensory nerve impulses project to the brain.
- Release of oxytocin into blood stream.
- Hypothalamus responds to sensory input.
Answer the following questions.
39. Which of the following statements are inconsistent with the theory of evolution.
- Organisms existed in the distant past that no longer exist today.
- Organisms differ in the extent to which they survive and reproduce successfully.
- The history of life on Earth is too short for new species to have evolved.
- Offspring inherit many traits from their parents.
39. Which of the following statements are inconsistent with the theory of evolution.
- Organisms existed in the distant past that no longer exist today.
- Organisms differ in the extent to which they survive and reproduce successfully.
- The history of life on Earth is too short for new species to have evolved.
- Offspring inherit many traits from their parents.
40. All of these animals except ______, have relatively large brains for their body sizes and correspondingly high cognitive capacities.
- chimpanzees.
- mice.
- humans.
- corvids (crows and ravens).
40. All of these animals except ______, have relatively large brains for their body sizes and correspondingly high cognitive capacities.
- chimpanzees.
- mice.
- humans.
- corvids (crows and ravens).
Part 2–Exam 2 Bonus
41. The hippocampus is located deep within which lobe of the cerebral cortex?
- Temporal.
- Frontal.
- Parietal.
- Occipital.
41. The hippocampus is located deep within which lobe of the cerebral cortex?
- Temporal.
- Frontal.
- Parietal.
- Occipital.
42. Histamine is one of the ______ group of neurotransmitters. It is released by the ______.
- monoamine; hippocampus
- monoamine; hypothalamus
- amino acid; midbrain
- peptide; amygdala
42. Histamine is one of the ______ group of neurotransmitters. It is released by the ______.
- monoamine; hippocampus
- monoamine; hypothalamus
- amino acid; midbrain
- peptide; amygdala
43. The 10th cranial (Xth) or vagus nerve connects to the ______ branch of the autonomic nervous system. Its neurons tend to slow heart rate and activate digestion when stimulated.
- parasympathetic
- sympathetic
- enteric
- somatic
43. The 10th cranial (Xth) or vagus nerve connects to the ______ branch of the autonomic nervous system. Its neurons tend to slow heart rate and activate digestion when stimulated.
- parasympathetic
- sympathetic
- enteric
- somatic
44. Corticotropin Releasing Hormone (CRH) is released by the ______ into the ______.
- hippocampus; amygdala
- adrenal cortex; blood stream
- hypothalamus; anterior pituitary
- medulla oblongata; adrenal medulla
44. Corticotropin Releasing Hormone (CRH) is released by the ______ into the ______.
- hippocampus; amygdala
- adrenal cortex; blood stream
- hypothalamus; anterior pituitary
- medulla oblongata; adrenal medulla
Part 3–Questions from Exam #1
45. These tissues provide external structural support and protection for the CNS.
- Astrocytes
- Meninges
- Cerebral ventricles
- Circle of Willis
45. These tissues provide external structural support and protection for the CNS.
- Astrocytes
- Meninges
- Cerebral ventricles
- Circle of Willis
46. The thalamus serves this function, among others.
- Metabolic, physical support of neurons
- Sensory relay
- Preparation for action
- Memory storage and retrieval
- CNS protection
46. The thalamus serves this function, among others.
- Metabolic, physical support of neurons
- Sensory relay
- Preparation for action
- Memory storage and retrieval
- CNS protection
47. ______, a type of glial cell, help regulate local blood oxygen levels in response to neuronal activity. These cells thus contribute to the signal measured by ______.
- Oligodendrocytes; MEG
- Schwann cells; structural MRI
- Astrocytes; functional MRI
- Microglia; structural and functional MRI
47. ______, a type of glial cell, help regulate local blood oxygen levels in response to neuronal activity. These cells thus contribute to the signal measured by ______.
- Oligodendrocytes; MEG
- Schwann cells; structural MRI
- Astrocytes; functional MRI
- Microglia; structural and functional MRI
48. Which of the following statements about neurons is INCORRECT?
- Neurons have very long lives.
- Neurons can extend over long distances.
- Neurons are the only cells that have negative resting potentials.
- Neurons use both electrical and chemical mechanisms to communicate.
48. Which of the following statements about neurons is INCORRECT?
- Neurons have very long lives.
- Neurons can extend over long distances.
- Neurons are the only cells that have negative resting potentials.
- Neurons use both electrical and chemical mechanisms to communicate.
49. Primary motor cortex is found in the ______.
49. Primary motor cortex is found in the ______.
- Temporal lobe
- Frontal lobe
- Hypothalamus
- Basal ganglia
- Parietal lobe
50. Nodes of Ranvier, or gaps in the myelination of an axon, serve which purpose?
- Increase the speed of propagation.
- Allow space in the axon for neurotransmitter release.
- Provide structural support to the neuron.
- Combine input from different dendrites
50. Nodes of Ranvier, or gaps in the myelination of an axon, serve which purpose?
- Increase the speed of propagation.
- Allow space in the axon for neurotransmitter release.
- Provide structural support to the neuron.
- Combine input from different dendrites
51. The ______ plays a role in biologically crucial behaviors, including those associated with ingestion (eating and drinking) and reproduction:
- Temporal lobe
- Frontal lobe
- Hypothalamus
- Basal ganglia
- Parietal lobe
51. The ______ plays a role in biologically crucial behaviors, including those associated with ingestion (eating and drinking) and reproduction:
- Temporal lobe
- Frontal lobe
- Hypothalamus
- Basal ganglia
- Parietal lobe
52. During the absolute refractory period, a neuron will ______.
- fire again in response to an especially strong input
- produce an action potential that is twice the normal size
- open voltage-gated Ca++ channels
- not fire no matter the strength of the input
52. During the absolute refractory period, a neuron will ______.
- fire again in response to an especially strong input
- produce an action potential that is twice the normal size
- open voltage-gated Ca++ channels
- not fire no matter the strength of the input
53. The tough, canvas-like tissue that surrounds and protects the ______ is called ______:
- white matter; cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)
- gray matter; myelin
- central nervous system (CNS); dura mater
- cerebral ventricles; endothelial cells
53. The tough, canvas-like tissue that surrounds and protects the ______ is called ______:
- white matter; cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)
- gray matter; myelin
- central nervous system (CNS); dura mater
- cerebral ventricles; endothelial cells
54. How many neurons are there in the human brain?
- About 86 billion.
- About 86 million.
- About the same number of seconds as in the average lifetime.
- It can’t be estimated.
54. How many neurons are there in the human brain?
- About 86 billion.
- About 86 million.
- About the same number of seconds as in the average lifetime.
- It can’t be estimated.
Part 4–Bonus from Exam #1
55. In a typical neuron near or slightly above its resting potential chloride (Cl-) ions would flow ______ following the concentration gradient. This would move the neuron ______ its firing threshold.
- Inward; farther from
- Inward; closer to
- Outward; farther from
- Outward; closer to
55. In a typical neuron near or slightly above its resting potential chloride (Cl-) ions would flow ______ following the concentration gradient. This would move the neuron ______ its firing threshold.
- Inward; farther from
- Inward; closer to
- Outward; farther from
- Outward; closer to
56. A toxin found in Japanese pufferfish blocks voltage-gated Na+ channels. Applying such a toxin to neurons would have what effect?
- Slower falling phase of the action potential.
- Increasing the concentration of Na+ inside the cell.
- K+ ions would accelerate their flow to compensate.
- Action potentials would be abolished.
56. A toxin found in Japanese pufferfish blocks voltage-gated Na+ channels. Applying such a toxin to neurons would have what effect?
- Slower falling phase of the action potential.
- Increasing the concentration of Na+ inside the cell.
- K+ ions would accelerate their flow to compensate.
- Action potentials would be abolished.