Neuroanatomy II
2025-09-09
Which of the following structures are not part of the hindbrain?
- A.
4th ventricle - B. Tectum
- C.
Medulla oblongata - D.
Pons
What plane of section does this image represent?
- A. Dorsal
- B. Sagittal
- C. Axial
- D. Coronal/Frontal
What plane of section does this image represent?
- A.
Dorsal - B.
Sagittal - C.
Axial - D. Coronal/Frontal
Diencephalon (“between” brain)
- Thalamus
- Hypothalamus
Thalamus
- Input to cortex
- Functionally distinct nuclei (collection of neurons)
- Lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN), vision
- Medial geniculate nucleus (MGN), audition
Hypothalamus
- Five Fs: fighting, fleeing/freezing, feeding, and reproduction
- Controls Autonomic Nervous System (ANS)
- Sympathetic branch
- Parasympathetic branch
Hypothalamus
- Controls endocrine system via pituitary gland (“master” gland)
- Anterior pituitary (indirect release of hormones)
- Posterior (direct release of hormones)
- Oxytocin
- Vasopressin
Hypothalamus
- Regulates circadian rhythms (via Suprachiasmatic Nucleus)
Basal ganglia
- Skill and habit learning
- Sequencing of movement
- Example: Parkinson’s Disease
Basal ganglia
- Striatum
- Dorsal
- Ventral
Basal ganglia
- Globus pallidus
- Subthalamic nucleus
- Substantia nigra (in tegmentum){preview-link=“true”}
Hippocampus
- From Greek for “sea horse”
Hippocampus
- Immediately lateral to (inferior) lateral ventricles
- Medial temporal lobe
- Memories of specific facts or events, spatial locations
- Implicated in Alzheimer’s Disease
Hippocampus
- Fornix projects to hypothalamus
- Mammillary bodies
Amygdala
- “almond”-shaped
- Influences physiological state, behavioral readiness, affect
- NOT the fear center! (LeDoux, 2015).
Cerebral Cortex
(Medial) Longitudinal fissure
Wikipedia
Corpus Callosum
- Axon (fiber) bundle
- Bottom of longitudinal fissure
- Connects left and right hemispheres
- Part of “roof” of lateral ventricles
Lateral sulcus/fissure
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lateral_sulcus
Central sulcus
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_sulcus
Lobes of the Cerebral Cortex
Frontal lobe
- Where is it?
- Anterior to central sulcus
- Superior to lateral fissure
- Dorsal to temporal lobe
Frontal lobe
- What does it do/contain?
- Pre-central gyrus (pre/anterior to central sulcus)
Frontal lobe
- What does it do/contain?
- Prefrontal cortex
- Planning, problem solving, working memory…?
- Primary olfactory cortex
- Gustatory cortex
- Anterior cingulate cortex (ACC)
- Prefrontal cortex
Temporal lobe
- Where is it?
- Ventral to frontal, parietal lobes
- Inferior to lateral fissure
Temporal lobe
- What does it do/contain?
- Primary auditory cortex (A-I)
- Object, face recognition
- Amygdala, hippocampus
- Storage/recall of memories about events, objects
Parietal lobe
- Where is it?
- Caudal to frontal lobe
- Dorsal to temporal lobe
- Posterior to central sulcus
Parietal lobe
- What does it do/contain?
- Perception of spatial relations, action planning
- Post-central gyrus
- Post-central -> “posterior to” central sulcus
- Primary somatosensory cortex (S-I)
Parietal lobe
Occipital lobe
- Where is it?
- Caudal to parietal & temporal lobes
- What does it do/contain?
Occipital lobe
- Multiple visual areas in occipital lobe
Insular cortex (insula)
- Where is it?
- medial to temporal lobe
- deep inside lateral fissure
Insular cortex (insula)
- What does it do/contain?
- Primary gustatory cortex
- self-awareness, interpersonal experiences, motor control
Brodmann Areas
- Regions of cerebral cortex that differ in cellular architecture.
- Korbinian Brodmann
Brodmann areas
- Sequential (arbitrary) numbering scheme
- Brodmann Area (BA) 4: precentral gyrus of frontal lobe (M1)
- BA 17 and 18: Primary visual cortex (V1) in occipital lobe
