Exam II review

2025-10-21

Rick Gilmore

Department of Psychology

Today’s topics

  • Warm-up
  • Exam 2 review

Warm-up

Which of the following phases of human brain development extends into early adulthood?

  • A. Cortical neurogenesis
  • B. Apoptosis (cell death)
  • D. Neurulation (formation of neural tube)
  • E. Myelination

Which of the following phases of human brain development extends into early adulthood?

  • A. Cortical neurogenesis
  • B. Apoptosis (cell death)
  • D. Neurulation (formation of neural tube)
  • E. Myelination

Where in the CNS do most neurons and glial cells originate?

  • A. Cell layers near the cerebral ventricles
  • B. Blood vessels
  • D. Meninges
  • E. Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)

Where in the CNS do most neurons and glial cells originate?

  • A. Cell layers near the cerebral ventricles
  • B. Blood vessels
  • D. Meninges
  • E. Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)

Synapses form starting in prenatal life and extending throughout the lifespan.

  • True
  • False

Synapses form starting in prenatal life and extending throughout the lifespan.

  • True
  • False

Exam 2 topics

Methods

  • Structural vs. functional MRI methods

Action potential

  • Steps in…

Synaptic transmission

  • Steps in…
  • Ionotropic, metabotropic receptors
  • EPSPs, IPSPs
  • Gap junctions

Neurotransmitters

  • Glutamate, GABA, acetylcholine
  • Monoamines: Dopamine, Norepinephrine, Serotonin, Melatonin, Histamine
  • How inactivated
    • Serotonin
    • Acetylcholine

Hormones

  • Melatonin
  • Oxytocin
  • Hypothalamic Pituitary Adrenal (HPA) axis

Hormones

  • Adrenal gland
    • Cortisol
    • Epinephrine, Norepinehphrine
  • Sympathetic Adrenal Medulla (SAM) axis

Evolution

  • When vertebrate nervous systems emerged
  • Relative size, neuron number in cerebellum vs. cerebral cortex
  • Radial vs. bilateral symmetry
  • Brain mass vs. body mass

Development

  • Neural tube formation

Neuroanatomy

  • Pineal gland
  • Hypothalamus
  • Pituitary gland
    • Anterior
    • Posterior

Neuroanatomy

  • Ventral tegmental area
  • Sympathetic nervous system
  • Parasympathetic nervous system

Neuroanatomy

  • Central sulcus
  • Frontal lobe, parietal lobe

Cellular neuroscience

  • Schwann cells

Wrap-up

Next time

  • Exam 2

Resources

About

This talk was produced using Quarto, using the RStudio Integrated Development Environment (IDE), version 2025.9.1.401.

The source files are in R and R Markdown, then rendered to HTML using the revealJS framework. The HTML slides are hosted in a GitHub repo and served by GitHub pages: https://psu-psychology.github.io/psych-260-2025-fall/

References