library(dplyr)
Attaching package: 'dplyr'The following objects are masked from 'package:stats':
filter, lagThe following objects are masked from 'package:base':
intersect, setdiff, setequal, unionlibrary(tidyr)
library(ggplot2)Retraction Watch
Purpose
This document downloads and summarizes some of the data from the newly public Retraction Watch database.
Gather
This site: https://www.crossref.org/blog/news-crossref-and-retraction-watch/ describes some information about how to access the Retraction Watch database.
if (params$use_cached == FALSE) {
url <- "https://api.labs.crossref.org/data/retractionwatch?rog1@psu.edu"
rw <- readr::read_csv(url)
if (params$cache_rw) readr::write_csv(rw, "csv/retraction-watch.csv")
} else {
rw <- readr::read_csv("csv/retraction-watch.csv", show_col_types = FALSE)
}
str(rw)spc_tbl_ [56,716 × 20] (S3: spec_tbl_df/tbl_df/tbl/data.frame)
$ Record ID : num [1:56716] 57297 57296 57269 57268 57267 ...
$ Title : chr [1:56716] "Greening tourism with environmental wellness: importance of environmental engagement, green tourist intentions,"| __truncated__ "Green supply chain, green leadership, consumer preferences, sustainability attitudes, and sustainable business "| __truncated__ "Do clean energy technologies, ecotourism, health policy, and green education help in achieving sustainability in China?" "Assessing the impact of human capital, renewable energy, population growth, economic growth, and climate change"| __truncated__ ...
$ Subject : chr [1:56716] "(ENV) Environmental Sciences;(SOC) Sports and Recreation;" "(B/T) Business - Economics;(B/T) Business - Management;(ENV) Environmental Sciences;" "(B/T) Business - Economics;(ENV) Environmental Sciences;(HSC) Public Health and Safety;(SOC) Education;(SOC) Sp"| __truncated__ "(B/T) Business - Economics;(ENV) Environmental Sciences;(PHY) Energy;" ...
$ Institution : chr [1:56716] "School of Tourism, Shandong Women's University, Shan Dong, Jinan, 250399, China; Institute of Cultural Industry"| __truncated__ "Faculty of Business City University of Macau, Room 418, 4th Floor, Luso Chinese Building, Avenida Padre Tomas P"| __truncated__ "The First Affiliated Hospital of Hebei North University, Zhangjiakou City, Hebei Province, China; Department of"| __truncated__ "School of Economics and Management, North China Electric Power University, Changping, Beijing, 102206, People's"| __truncated__ ...
$ Journal : chr [1:56716] "Environmental Science and Pollution Research" "Environmental Science and Pollution Research" "Environmental Science and Pollution Research" "Environmental Science and Pollution Research" ...
$ Publisher : chr [1:56716] "Springer" "Springer" "Springer" "Springer" ...
$ Country : chr [1:56716] "China" "China;Mongolia;Pakistan;Taiwan;Vietnam" "China" "China;Lebanon;Pakistan" ...
$ Author : chr [1:56716] "Menghan Hou;Mengyao Zhang;Yang Sun" "Ka Yin Chau;Chen-Hsien Lin;Purevdulam Altantsetseg;Bushra Tufail;Thi Ha An Pham;Tran Thai Ha Nguyen" "Kuanlei Wang;Wenjuan Yu;Xiao Song" "Hamza Akram;Jinchao Li;Muhammad Kahlid Anser;Muhammad Irfan;Waqas Ahmad Watto" ...
$ URLS : chr [1:56716] "https://retractionwatch.com/2024/08/22/sleuths-spur-cleanup-at-journal-with-nearly-140-retractions-and-counting/" "https://retractionwatch.com/2024/08/22/sleuths-spur-cleanup-at-journal-with-nearly-140-retractions-and-counting/" "https://retractionwatch.com/2024/08/22/sleuths-spur-cleanup-at-journal-with-nearly-140-retractions-and-counting/" "https://retractionwatch.com/2024/08/22/sleuths-spur-cleanup-at-journal-with-nearly-140-retractions-and-counting/" ...
$ ArticleType : chr [1:56716] "Research Article;" "Research Article;" "Research Article;" "Research Article;" ...
$ RetractionDate : chr [1:56716] "9/23/2024 0:00" "9/23/2024 0:00" "9/23/2024 0:00" "9/23/2024 0:00" ...
$ RetractionDOI : chr [1:56716] "10.1007/s11356-024-35095-8" "10.1007/s11356-024-35114-8" "10.1007/s11356-024-35110-y" "10.1007/s11356-024-35115-7" ...
$ RetractionPubMedID : num [1:56716] 39307869 39307870 39307868 39307871 39307872 ...
$ OriginalPaperDate : chr [1:56716] "6/8/2023 0:00" "10/25/2023 0:00" "9/18/2023 0:00" "11/4/2023 0:00" ...
$ OriginalPaperDOI : chr [1:56716] "10.1007/s11356-023-28052-4" "10.1007/s11356-023-30082-x" "10.1007/s11356-023-29680-6" "10.1007/s11356-023-30649-8" ...
$ OriginalPaperPubMedID: num [1:56716] 37289392 37880392 37718368 37923889 37594708 ...
$ RetractionNature : chr [1:56716] "Retraction" "Retraction" "Retraction" "Retraction" ...
$ Reason : chr [1:56716] "+Author Unresponsive;+Concerns/Issues about Referencing/Attributions;+Fake Peer Review;+Investigation by Journa"| __truncated__ "+Author Unresponsive;+Concerns/Issues about Referencing/Attributions;+Fake Peer Review;+Investigation by Journa"| __truncated__ "+Author Unresponsive;+Concerns/Issues about Referencing/Attributions;+Fake Peer Review;+Investigation by Journa"| __truncated__ "+Concerns/Issues about Referencing/Attributions;+Fake Peer Review;+Investigation by Journal/Publisher;+Unreliable Results;" ...
$ Paywalled : chr [1:56716] "No" "No" "No" "No" ...
$ Notes : chr [1:56716] NA "See also: https://pubpeer.com/publications/4372C3A0B742F3A53B9A0B243430D8" "See also: https://pubpeer.com/publications/B9E348D61451411C3A8DAE4242AFBA" NA ...
- attr(*, "spec")=
.. cols(
.. `Record ID` = col_double(),
.. Title = col_character(),
.. Subject = col_character(),
.. Institution = col_character(),
.. Journal = col_character(),
.. Publisher = col_character(),
.. Country = col_character(),
.. Author = col_character(),
.. URLS = col_character(),
.. ArticleType = col_character(),
.. RetractionDate = col_character(),
.. RetractionDOI = col_character(),
.. RetractionPubMedID = col_double(),
.. OriginalPaperDate = col_character(),
.. OriginalPaperDOI = col_character(),
.. OriginalPaperPubMedID = col_double(),
.. RetractionNature = col_character(),
.. Reason = col_character(),
.. Paywalled = col_character(),
.. Notes = col_character()
.. )
- attr(*, "problems")=<externalptr> Clean
rw_l <- rw |>
separate_longer_delim(Subject, delim=";") |>
mutate(field_type = stringr::str_extract(Subject, "\\([A-Z/]+\\)")) |>
mutate(field_type = stringr::str_remove(field_type, "\\(")) |>
mutate(field_type = stringr::str_remove(field_type, "\\)")) |>
mutate(retraction_year = stringr::str_extract(RetractionDate, "[0-9]{4}")) |>
mutate(field = stringr::str_remove(Subject, "^\\([A-Z/]+\\) "))Visualize
xtabs(~ field_type, rw_l)field_type
B/T BLS ENV HSC HUM PHY SOC
30246 46142 4627 34743 2248 19069 11833 rw_l_2000 <- rw_l |>
filter(as.numeric(retraction_year) > 2000)
xtabs(~ field_type + retraction_year, rw_l_2000) retraction_year
field_type 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013
B/T 3 10 5 16 26 18 121 162 999 4930 4057 193 329
BLS 37 211 140 140 167 256 329 433 599 918 1937 985 1190
ENV 5 4 1 7 3 20 16 23 75 640 984 70 71
HSC 28 64 65 136 106 190 214 350 548 687 1242 1159 1307
HUM 1 4 0 9 1 4 10 13 27 149 176 23 23
PHY 11 44 65 51 55 96 125 135 440 4103 1973 471 584
SOC 6 3 3 8 10 14 25 51 180 1227 1106 130 185
retraction_year
field_type 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024
B/T 203 289 347 364 1099 1348 887 1622 4264 7528 1385
BLS 1081 1838 2111 1869 2290 2207 3990 6090 5691 6802 3988
ENV 86 119 152 133 161 222 125 679 247 505 258
HSC 1043 1498 1856 1608 1545 1988 3021 2177 3501 7999 1904
HUM 23 62 34 61 121 230 206 159 142 624 86
PHY 427 607 593 697 1062 816 974 1265 1276 2101 1034
SOC 121 155 184 447 655 1098 691 767 1057 3355 333rw_l_2000 |>
group_by(retraction_year, field_type) |>
mutate(n_retractions = n()) |>
ggplot() +
aes(retraction_year, n_retractions) +
facet_wrap(facets = vars(field_type), ncol = 3) +
geom_point() +
theme(axis.text.x = element_text(angle=90), axis.title.x = element_blank()) 
rw_l_2000 |>
filter(field_type == "B/T") |>
group_by(retraction_year, field) |>
mutate(n_retractions = n()) |>
ggplot() +
aes(retraction_year, n_retractions) +
facet_wrap(facets = vars(field), ncol = 3) +
geom_point() +
theme(axis.text.x = element_text(angle=90), axis.title.x = element_blank()) 
plot_by_subfield <- function(ft = "B/T", df = rw_l) {
df |>
filter(!is.na(field_type)) |>
filter(field_type == {{ft}}) |>
group_by(retraction_year, field) |>
mutate(n_retractions = n()) |>
ggplot() +
aes(retraction_year, n_retractions) +
facet_wrap(facets = vars(field), ncol = 3) +
geom_point() +
theme(axis.text.x = element_text(angle=90), axis.title.x = element_blank()) +
ggtitle("Retractions 2000-present")
} plot_by_subfield("B/T")
plot_by_subfield("SOC")
plot_by_subfield("BLS")
plot_by_subfield("PHY")
plot_by_subfield("HSC")
plot_by_subfield("HUM")
plot_by_subfield("ENV")
Reasons
rw_r <- rw |>
separate_longer_delim(Reason, delim=";") |>
mutate(reason = stringr::str_remove(Reason, "\\+")) |>
separate_longer_delim(Subject, delim=";") |>
mutate(field_type = stringr::str_extract(Subject, "\\([A-Z/]+\\)")) |>
mutate(field_type = stringr::str_remove(field_type, "\\(")) |>
mutate(field_type = stringr::str_remove(field_type, "\\)"))
reasons_sum <- rw_r |>
filter(!is.na(field_type)) |>
group_by(field_type, reason) |>
summarize(n = n()) |>
arrange(desc(n))`summarise()` has grouped output by 'field_type'. You can override using the
`.groups` argument.Top retraction reasons by field_type.
reasons_sum |>
knitr::kable(format = "html") |>
kableExtra::kable_classic()field_type.
| field_type | reason | n |
|---|---|---|
| BLS | 46142 | |
| HSC | 34743 | |
| B/T | 30246 | |
| PHY | 19069 | |
| B/T | Investigation by Journal/Publisher | 15293 |
| SOC | 11833 | |
| BLS | Concerns/Issues About Data | 11692 |
| HSC | Investigation by Journal/Publisher | 11685 |
| BLS | Duplication of Image | 11649 |
| BLS | Investigation by Journal/Publisher | 11447 |
| HSC | Concerns/Issues About Data | 11177 |
| B/T | Notice - Limited or No Information | 10838 |
| BLS | Unreliable Results | 10008 |
| B/T | Unreliable Results | 9471 |
| BLS | Investigation by Third Party | 9322 |
| HSC | Unreliable Results | 8956 |
| HSC | Investigation by Third Party | 8887 |
| B/T | Concerns/Issues about Referencing/Attributions | 8857 |
| B/T | Concerns/Issues with Peer Review | 8028 |
| B/T | Investigation by Third Party | 7592 |
| BLS | Paper Mill | 7571 |
| B/T | Concerns/Issues About Data | 7293 |
| HSC | Concerns/Issues about Referencing/Attributions | 6823 |
| BLS | Concerns/Issues About Image | 6537 |
| PHY | Notice - Limited or No Information | 6498 |
| HSC | Concerns/Issues with Peer Review | 6487 |
| B/T | Randomly Generated Content | 6332 |
| B/T | Concerns/Issues About Results | 6265 |
| HSC | Concerns/Issues About Results | 5782 |
| B/T | Fake Peer Review | 5453 |
| B/T | Date of Retraction/Other Unknown | 5375 |
| B/T | Breach of Policy by Author | 5333 |
| B/T | Paper Mill | 5298 |
| SOC | Investigation by Journal/Publisher | 5204 |
| BLS | Original Data not Provided | 5175 |
| PHY | Investigation by Journal/Publisher | 4998 |
| BLS | Investigation by Company/Institution | 4852 |
| ENV | 4627 | |
| HSC | Investigation by Company/Institution | 4236 |
| HSC | Lack of IRB/IACUC Approval | 3724 |
| HSC | Paper Mill | 3654 |
| BLS | Concerns/Issues About Results | 3615 |
| BLS | Author Unresponsive | 3506 |
| HSC | Randomly Generated Content | 3442 |
| SOC | Unreliable Results | 3427 |
| BLS | Unreliable Data | 3383 |
| BLS | Manipulation of Images | 3322 |
| SOC | Concerns/Issues with Peer Review | 3289 |
| BLS | Error in Image | 3244 |
| SOC | Concerns/Issues About Data | 3187 |
| SOC | Concerns/Issues about Referencing/Attributions | 3182 |
| BLS | Notice - Limited or No Information | 3110 |
| PHY | Unreliable Results | 2997 |
| SOC | Investigation by Third Party | 2954 |
| HSC | Misconduct by Author | 2922 |
| SOC | Notice - Limited or No Information | 2840 |
| BLS | Concerns/Issues about Referencing/Attributions | 2744 |
| HSC | Misconduct - Official Investigation/Finding | 2611 |
| SOC | Concerns/Issues About Results | 2553 |
| HSC | Notice - Limited or No Information | 2493 |
| B/T | Rogue Editor | 2446 |
| PHY | Date of Retraction/Other Unknown | 2368 |
| BLS | Error in Data | 2362 |
| HSC | Date of Retraction/Other Unknown | 2355 |
| B/T | Removed | 2287 |
| BLS | Upgrade/Update of Prior Notice | 2273 |
| BLS | Concerns/Issues with Peer Review | 2266 |
| HUM | 2248 | |
| BLS | Misconduct by Author | 2246 |
| SOC | Randomly Generated Content | 2242 |
| BLS | Falsification/Fabrication of Data | 2231 |
| PHY | Concerns/Issues about Referencing/Attributions | 2228 |
| PHY | Concerns/Issues About Data | 2164 |
| HSC | Removed | 2152 |
| BLS | Fake Peer Review | 2132 |
| HSC | Duplication of Article | 2111 |
| BLS | Misconduct - Official Investigation/Finding | 2050 |
| BLS | Euphemisms for Plagiarism | 1975 |
| PHY | Investigation by Third Party | 1942 |
| HSC | Falsification/Fabrication of Data | 1941 |
| PHY | Breach of Policy by Author | 1923 |
| SOC | Paper Mill | 1919 |
| BLS | Updated to Retraction | 1895 |
| BLS | Results Not Reproducible | 1844 |
| B/T | Euphemisms for Plagiarism | 1816 |
| HSC | Informed/Patient Consent - None/Withdrawn | 1786 |
| PHY | Fake Peer Review | 1782 |
| BLS | Concerns/Issues About Authorship/Affiliation | 1765 |
| BLS | Duplication of Article | 1750 |
| PHY | Duplication of Article | 1718 |
| ENV | Notice - Limited or No Information | 1716 |
| HSC | Fake Peer Review | 1716 |
| BLS | Objections by Author(s) | 1686 |
| HSC | Duplication of Image | 1663 |
| HSC | Error in Data | 1645 |
| BLS | Date of Retraction/Other Unknown | 1640 |
| BLS | Euphemisms for Duplication | 1629 |
| ENV | Investigation by Journal/Publisher | 1590 |
| PHY | Concerns/Issues with Peer Review | 1566 |
| HSC | Plagiarism of Article | 1559 |
| PHY | Removed | 1469 |
| BLS | Objections by Third Party | 1452 |
| BLS | Error in Results and/or Conclusions | 1442 |
| BLS | Duplication of Data | 1400 |
| BLS | Falsification/Fabrication of Image | 1379 |
| PHY | Concerns/Issues About Results | 1363 |
| B/T | Plagiarism of Text | 1326 |
| SOC | Date of Retraction/Other Unknown | 1319 |
| BLS | Removed | 1313 |
| HSC | Concerns/Issues About Image | 1308 |
| SOC | Fake Peer Review | 1301 |
| HSC | Author Unresponsive | 1297 |
| HSC | Euphemisms for Plagiarism | 1297 |
| PHY | Paper Mill | 1274 |
| BLS | Randomly Generated Content | 1273 |
| BLS | Error in Analyses | 1259 |
| HSC | Concerns/Issues About Authorship/Affiliation | 1254 |
| SOC | Breach of Policy by Author | 1253 |
| BLS | Plagiarism of Article | 1245 |
| BLS | Error in Methods | 1242 |
| HSC | Unreliable Data | 1194 |
| BLS | Plagiarism of Image | 1192 |
| SOC | Euphemisms for Plagiarism | 1177 |
| HSC | Error in Analyses | 1155 |
| PHY | Randomly Generated Content | 1152 |
| HSC | Retract and Replace | 1134 |
| B/T | Duplication of Article | 1119 |
| HSC | Upgrade/Update of Prior Notice | 1114 |
| PHY | Plagiarism of Article | 1102 |
| BLS | Lack of IRB/IACUC Approval | 1101 |
| HSC | Ethical Violations by Author | 1079 |
| HSC | Error in Methods | 1072 |
| SOC | Plagiarism of Text | 1068 |
| B/T | Plagiarism of Article | 1024 |
| HSC | Concerns/Issues about Human Subject Welfare | 1022 |
| HSC | Plagiarism of Text | 999 |
| HSC | Original Data not Provided | 993 |
| BLS | Plagiarism of Text | 972 |
| HSC | Error in Results and/or Conclusions | 964 |
| HSC | Updated to Retraction | 929 |
| PHY | Euphemisms for Plagiarism | 925 |
| HSC | Legal Reasons/Legal Threats | 918 |
| SOC | Removed | 916 |
| HSC | Objections by Author(s) | 903 |
| ENV | Fake Peer Review | 901 |
| HUM | Investigation by Journal/Publisher | 889 |
| HSC | False/Forged Authorship | 887 |
| HSC | Duplicate Publication through Error by Journal/Publisher | 866 |
| B/T | Lack of IRB/IACUC Approval | 859 |
| BLS | Error in Text | 855 |
| HSC | Withdrawn (out of date) | 850 |
| SOC | Duplication of Article | 837 |
| PHY | Duplication of Image | 830 |
| HSC | Civil Proceedings | 820 |
| HSC | Error in Text | 802 |
| PHY | Error in Data | 794 |
| B/T | Author Unresponsive | 750 |
| PHY | Concerns/Issues About Authorship/Affiliation | 747 |
| BLS | Conflict of Interest | 728 |
| BLS | False/Forged Authorship | 722 |
| BLS | Breach of Policy by Author | 715 |
| BLS | Ethical Violations by Author | 710 |
| HSC | Error in Image | 708 |
| ENV | Unreliable Results | 706 |
| HUM | Unreliable Results | 705 |
| B/T | Informed/Patient Consent - None/Withdrawn | 701 |
| SOC | Lack of IRB/IACUC Approval | 689 |
| HSC | Euphemisms for Duplication | 674 |
| BLS | Investigation by ORI | 659 |
| HUM | Concerns/Issues about Referencing/Attributions | 656 |
| HUM | Concerns/Issues with Peer Review | 654 |
| HUM | Concerns/Issues About Data | 651 |
| ENV | Concerns/Issues about Referencing/Attributions | 650 |
| ENV | Randomly Generated Content | 643 |
| PHY | Euphemisms for Duplication | 632 |
| HSC | Manipulation of Images | 624 |
| HUM | Investigation by Third Party | 614 |
| BLS | Concerns/Issues about Third Party Involvement | 613 |
| PHY | Plagiarism of Text | 610 |
| HSC | Error by Journal/Publisher | 597 |
| HUM | Concerns/Issues About Results | 589 |
| SOC | Informed/Patient Consent - None/Withdrawn | 580 |
| PHY | Error in Results and/or Conclusions | 579 |
| ENV | Concerns/Issues About Data | 573 |
| ENV | Date of Retraction/Other Unknown | 573 |
| ENV | Rogue Editor | 566 |
| HSC | Objections by Third Party | 559 |
| BLS | Unreliable Image | 556 |
| ENV | Breach of Policy by Author | 552 |
| PHY | Error in Analyses | 549 |
| B/T | Objections by Author(s) | 545 |
| PHY | Falsification/Fabrication of Data | 545 |
| ENV | Investigation by Third Party | 544 |
| BLS | Error by Journal/Publisher | 515 |
| HSC | Concerns/Issues about Third Party Involvement | 513 |
| BLS | Copyright Claims | 510 |
| B/T | Concerns/Issues About Authorship/Affiliation | 507 |
| BLS | Lack of Approval from Author | 503 |
| PHY | Investigation by Company/Institution | 497 |
| PHY | Unreliable Data | 494 |
| HSC | Conflict of Interest | 486 |
| BLS | Plagiarism of Data | 483 |
| HUM | Randomly Generated Content | 482 |
| HSC | Breach of Policy by Author | 481 |
| HSC | Rogue Editor | 475 |
| BLS | Concerns/Issues about Human Subject Welfare | 474 |
| PHY | Objections by Author(s) | 468 |
| B/T | Upgrade/Update of Prior Notice | 462 |
| ENV | Concerns/Issues with Peer Review | 461 |
| HSC | Results Not Reproducible | 461 |
| HSC | Duplication of Data | 459 |
| B/T | Updated to Retraction | 457 |
| ENV | Concerns/Issues About Results | 454 |
| HSC | Lack of Approval from Author | 442 |
| B/T | Withdrawn to Publish in Different Journal | 440 |
| PHY | Error in Methods | 429 |
| HSC | Copyright Claims | 419 |
| SOC | Plagiarism of Article | 417 |
| SOC | Rogue Editor | 410 |
| PHY | Concerns/Issues About Image | 403 |
| BLS | Duplication of Text | 397 |
| HUM | Paper Mill | 395 |
| HUM | Notice - Limited or No Information | 385 |
| PHY | False/Forged Authorship | 381 |
| BLS | Informed/Patient Consent - None/Withdrawn | 380 |
| PHY | Rogue Editor | 378 |
| BLS | Contamination of Cell Lines/Tissues | 366 |
| B/T | Error in Text | 352 |
| BLS | Duplicate Publication through Error by Journal/Publisher | 351 |
| ENV | Removed | 351 |
| PHY | Misconduct by Author | 348 |
| PHY | Upgrade/Update of Prior Notice | 345 |
| HSC | Lack of Approval from Third Party | 343 |
| SOC | Investigation by Company/Institution | 341 |
| PHY | Author Unresponsive | 337 |
| SOC | Retract and Replace | 336 |
| HSC | Plagiarism of Image | 332 |
| BLS | Error in Materials | 330 |
| ENV | Paper Mill | 324 |
| HSC | Duplication of Text | 323 |
| HUM | Date of Retraction/Other Unknown | 321 |
| B/T | Concerns/Issues about Third Party Involvement | 317 |
| BLS | Rogue Editor | 309 |
| ENV | Upgrade/Update of Prior Notice | 309 |
| HSC | Falsification/Fabrication of Image | 309 |
| B/T | Retract and Replace | 308 |
| ENV | Updated to Retraction | 307 |
| PHY | Updated to Retraction | 300 |
| BLS | Retract and Replace | 299 |
| SOC | Upgrade/Update of Prior Notice | 291 |
| SOC | Updated to Retraction | 287 |
| PHY | Error in Image | 285 |
| SOC | Error in Text | 279 |
| HSC | Notice - Unable to Access via current resources | 270 |
| BLS | Lack of Approval from Third Party | 269 |
| HSC | Temporary Removal | 268 |
| PHY | Error in Text | 267 |
| B/T | Error by Journal/Publisher | 266 |
| SOC | Concerns/Issues About Authorship/Affiliation | 265 |
| PHY | Results Not Reproducible | 264 |
| HSC | Plagiarism of Data | 262 |
| BLS | Legal Reasons/Legal Threats | 253 |
| PHY | Duplicate Publication through Error by Journal/Publisher | 253 |
| PHY | Copyright Claims | 252 |
| PHY | Lack of Approval from Author | 249 |
| ENV | Duplication of Article | 246 |
| HUM | Euphemisms for Plagiarism | 245 |
| B/T | Error in Results and/or Conclusions | 244 |
| B/T | Investigation by Company/Institution | 244 |
| HSC | Notice - Lack of | 238 |
| SOC | Error in Results and/or Conclusions | 236 |
| HSC | Cites Retracted Work | 233 |
| HSC | Investigation by ORI | 232 |
| PHY | Duplication of Data | 232 |
| BLS | Error in Cell Lines/Tissues | 230 |
| HSC | Lack of Approval from Company/Institution | 226 |
| PHY | Duplication of Text | 226 |
| B/T | Taken from Dissertation/Thesis | 223 |
| HUM | Plagiarism of Text | 223 |
| ENV | Euphemisms for Plagiarism | 220 |
| BLS | Withdrawn to Publish in Different Journal | 219 |
| BLS | Lack of Approval from Company/Institution | 216 |
| HUM | Plagiarism of Article | 216 |
| B/T | Euphemisms for Duplication | 210 |
| PHY | Concerns/Issues about Third Party Involvement | 210 |
| PHY | Manipulation of Images | 209 |
| SOC | Error by Journal/Publisher | 207 |
| PHY | Objections by Third Party | 204 |
| ENV | Plagiarism of Article | 203 |
| HUM | Removed | 201 |
| PHY | Error by Journal/Publisher | 194 |
| BLS | Notice - Lack of | 193 |
| PHY | Plagiarism of Image | 193 |
| SOC | Author Unresponsive | 193 |
| SOC | Error in Analyses | 193 |
| SOC | Duplicate Publication through Error by Journal/Publisher | 191 |
| PHY | Original Data not Provided | 190 |
| B/T | Error in Data | 187 |
| BLS | Notice - Unable to Access via current resources | 187 |
| ENV | Plagiarism of Text | 185 |
| PHY | Withdrawn to Publish in Different Journal | 184 |
| SOC | Taken from Dissertation/Thesis | 183 |
| B/T | Misconduct by Author | 178 |
| PHY | Plagiarism of Data | 177 |
| SOC | Error in Data | 176 |
| BLS | Civil Proceedings | 174 |
| ENV | Concerns/Issues About Authorship/Affiliation | 174 |
| PHY | Lack of Approval from Third Party | 173 |
| HUM | Duplication of Article | 169 |
| HUM | Fake Peer Review | 168 |
| PHY | Ethical Violations by Author | 166 |
| B/T | Error in Analyses | 165 |
| BLS | Cites Retracted Work | 164 |
| PHY | Retract and Replace | 161 |
| PHY | Misconduct - Official Investigation/Finding | 160 |
| HSC | Falsification/Fabrication of Results | 159 |
| SOC | Objections by Author(s) | 159 |
| B/T | Duplicate Publication through Error by Journal/Publisher | 155 |
| BLS | Publishing Ban | 151 |
| B/T | Error in Methods | 150 |
| SOC | Withdrawn to Publish in Different Journal | 148 |
| BLS | Falsification/Fabrication of Results | 142 |
| SOC | Error in Methods | 142 |
| PHY | Conflict of Interest | 141 |
| BLS | Contamination of Materials (General) | 140 |
| HSC | Complaints about Author | 137 |
| SOC | Falsification/Fabrication of Data | 136 |
| B/T | Concerns/Issues about Human Subject Welfare | 135 |
| PHY | Lack of Approval from Company/Institution | 135 |
| B/T | Copyright Claims | 133 |
| SOC | Concerns/Issues about Third Party Involvement | 132 |
| HSC | Criminal Proceedings | 130 |
| HSC | Error in Materials | 130 |
| SOC | Misconduct - Official Investigation/Finding | 128 |
| ENV | Error in Results and/or Conclusions | 127 |
| HSC | Unreliable Image | 126 |
| SOC | Misconduct by Author | 123 |
| BLS | Doing the Right Thing | 117 |
| HSC | Bias Issues or Lack of Balance | 117 |
| HUM | Copyright Claims | 116 |
| SOC | Concerns/Issues about Human Subject Welfare | 116 |
| HUM | Breach of Policy by Author | 115 |
| PHY | Taken from Dissertation/Thesis | 115 |
| SOC | Euphemisms for Duplication | 114 |
| ENV | Error in Analyses | 110 |
| B/T | Duplication of Text | 108 |
| HSC | Miscommunication by Author | 108 |
| ENV | Objections by Author(s) | 106 |
| B/T | Misconduct - Official Investigation/Finding | 105 |
| HSC | Taken from Dissertation/Thesis | 105 |
| BLS | False Affiliation | 103 |
| ENV | Error in Data | 103 |
| B/T | Notice - Lack of | 101 |
| BLS | Miscommunication by Author | 99 |
| ENV | Retract and Replace | 97 |
| HSC | Doing the Right Thing | 96 |
| SOC | Objections by Third Party | 96 |
| BLS | Taken from Dissertation/Thesis | 95 |
| PHY | Notice - Lack of | 95 |
| ENV | Investigation by Company/Institution | 93 |
| BLS | Error by Third Party | 92 |
| ENV | Error in Text | 92 |
| B/T | False/Forged Authorship | 91 |
| B/T | Ethical Violations by Author | 89 |
| PHY | False Affiliation | 87 |
| BLS | Manipulation of Results | 86 |
| BLS | Complaints about Author | 84 |
| HSC | Withdrawn to Publish in Different Journal | 84 |
| SOC | Ethical Violations by Author | 84 |
| B/T | Unreliable Data | 83 |
| PHY | Falsification/Fabrication of Image | 83 |
| SOC | Duplication of Text | 83 |
| B/T | Objections by Third Party | 82 |
| ENV | Euphemisms for Duplication | 82 |
| HSC | Contamination of Cell Lines/Tissues | 81 |
| ENV | Author Unresponsive | 80 |
| HSC | Error by Third Party | 80 |
| HUM | Error in Text | 79 |
| B/T | Lack of Approval from Author | 77 |
| ENV | Error in Methods | 77 |
| B/T | Conflict of Interest | 74 |
| B/T | Falsification/Fabrication of Data | 74 |
| SOC | Copyright Claims | 74 |
| SOC | Unreliable Data | 73 |
| B/T | Plagiarism of Image | 72 |
| HUM | Retract and Replace | 72 |
| PHY | Error in Materials | 72 |
| B/T | Duplication of Image | 69 |
| B/T | Lack of Approval from Third Party | 68 |
| HUM | Lack of IRB/IACUC Approval | 66 |
| HSC | False Affiliation | 65 |
| HUM | Informed/Patient Consent - None/Withdrawn | 63 |
| PHY | Complaints about Author | 63 |
| SOC | Doing the Right Thing | 62 |
| HSC | Publishing Ban | 60 |
| SOC | Lack of Approval from Third Party | 60 |
| ENV | Duplicate Publication through Error by Journal/Publisher | 59 |
| ENV | Unreliable Data | 58 |
| B/T | False Affiliation | 57 |
| ENV | Copyright Claims | 56 |
| HSC | Not Presented at Conference | 56 |
| HUM | Error in Results and/or Conclusions | 56 |
| SOC | Notice - Lack of | 56 |
| B/T | Concerns/Issues About Image | 55 |
| B/T | Original Data not Provided | 54 |
| B/T | Plagiarism of Data | 54 |
| ENV | Duplication of Text | 54 |
| HUM | Rogue Editor | 54 |
| PHY | Doing the Right Thing | 54 |
| PHY | Lack of IRB/IACUC Approval | 54 |
| SOC | Conflict of Interest | 54 |
| HUM | Error by Journal/Publisher | 53 |
| ENV | Misconduct by Author | 52 |
| HSC | Error in Cell Lines/Tissues | 52 |
| PHY | Unreliable Image | 52 |
| ENV | Conflict of Interest | 51 |
| BLS | Concerns/Issues about Animal Welfare | 50 |
| BLS | Temporary Removal | 50 |
| BLS | Bias Issues or Lack of Balance | 49 |
| ENV | False/Forged Authorship | 49 |
| HSC | Manipulation of Results | 48 |
| PHY | Contamination of Materials (General) | 47 |
| ENV | Objections by Third Party | 45 |
| HUM | Notice - Lack of | 45 |
| ENV | Duplication of Image | 44 |
| HSC | Ethical Violations by Third Party | 43 |
| HUM | Euphemisms for Duplication | 43 |
| BLS | Objections by Company/Institution | 42 |
| HSC | No Further Action | 42 |
| BLS | Criminal Proceedings | 40 |
| PHY | Informed/Patient Consent - None/Withdrawn | 40 |
| BLS | Updated to Correction | 39 |
| ENV | Lack of Approval from Author | 39 |
| B/T | Error in Image | 38 |
| B/T | Results Not Reproducible | 38 |
| ENV | Ethical Violations by Author | 38 |
| HUM | Duplicate Publication through Error by Journal/Publisher | 38 |
| B/T | Doing the Right Thing | 36 |
| BLS | Ethical Violations by Third Party | 36 |
| BLS | Euphemisms for Misconduct | 36 |
| HSC | Contamination of Materials (General) | 36 |
| PHY | Legal Reasons/Legal Threats | 36 |
| SOC | Lack of Approval from Author | 36 |
| HUM | Investigation by Company/Institution | 35 |
| PHY | Falsification/Fabrication of Results | 35 |
| HSC | Misconduct by Third Party | 34 |
| B/T | Lack of Approval from Company/Institution | 33 |
| BLS | Misconduct by Third Party | 33 |
| SOC | Original Data not Provided | 33 |
| ENV | Error by Journal/Publisher | 32 |
| ENV | Falsification/Fabrication of Data | 32 |
| SOC | Bias Issues or Lack of Balance | 32 |
| ENV | Duplication of Data | 31 |
| HSC | Updated to Correction | 31 |
| HUM | Duplication of Text | 30 |
| SOC | Concerns/Issues About Image | 30 |
| SOC | Lack of Approval from Company/Institution | 30 |
| ENV | Lack of Approval from Third Party | 29 |
| ENV | Misconduct - Official Investigation/Finding | 29 |
| HSC | Objections by Company/Institution | 29 |
| HUM | Taken from Dissertation/Thesis | 29 |
| PHY | Miscommunication by Author | 29 |
| ENV | Withdrawn to Publish in Different Journal | 28 |
| ENV | Lack of Approval from Company/Institution | 27 |
| SOC | False Affiliation | 27 |
| SOC | Temporary Removal | 27 |
| SOC | Withdrawn (out of date) | 27 |
| B/T | Duplication of Data | 26 |
| BLS | No Further Action | 26 |
| ENV | Notice - Lack of | 26 |
| ENV | Results Not Reproducible | 25 |
| HUM | Upgrade/Update of Prior Notice | 25 |
| PHY | Transfer of Copyright/Ownership | 25 |
| SOC | False/Forged Authorship | 25 |
| SOC | Legal Reasons/Legal Threats | 25 |
| B/T | Legal Reasons/Legal Threats | 24 |
| B/T | Misconduct by Third Party | 24 |
| ENV | Concerns/Issues About Image | 24 |
| ENV | Error in Image | 24 |
| HSC | Miscommunication by Journal/Publisher | 24 |
| HUM | Author Unresponsive | 24 |
| BLS | Salami Slicing | 23 |
| ENV | Original Data not Provided | 23 |
| HSC | Salami Slicing | 23 |
| PHY | Misconduct by Third Party | 23 |
| HUM | Concerns/Issues About Authorship/Affiliation | 22 |
| HUM | Updated to Retraction | 22 |
| PHY | Notice - Unable to Access via current resources | 22 |
| SOC | Criminal Proceedings | 22 |
| ENV | Concerns/Issues about Third Party Involvement | 21 |
| ENV | Taken from Dissertation/Thesis | 21 |
| BLS | Miscommunication by Journal/Publisher | 19 |
| ENV | Complaints about Author | 19 |
| PHY | Cites Retracted Work | 18 |
| SOC | Results Not Reproducible | 18 |
| BLS | Transfer of Copyright/Ownership | 17 |
| ENV | Error in Materials | 17 |
| SOC | Plagiarism of Data | 17 |
| ENV | Notice - Unable to Access via current resources | 16 |
| HSC | Miscommunication by Third Party | 16 |
| HUM | Misconduct - Official Investigation/Finding | 16 |
| HUM | Misconduct by Author | 16 |
| B/T | Transfer of Copyright/Ownership | 15 |
| ENV | Lack of IRB/IACUC Approval | 15 |
| HSC | Miscommunication by Company/Institution | 15 |
| HUM | Withdrawn to Publish in Different Journal | 15 |
| PHY | Investigation by ORI | 15 |
| PHY | Taken via Peer Review | 15 |
| BLS | Miscommunication by Third Party | 14 |
| ENV | Informed/Patient Consent - None/Withdrawn | 14 |
| ENV | Manipulation of Images | 14 |
| HSC | Concerns/Issues about Animal Welfare | 14 |
| HUM | Falsification/Fabrication of Data | 14 |
| PHY | Error by Third Party | 14 |
| SOC | Duplication of Data | 14 |
| B/T | Temporary Removal | 13 |
| BLS | Nonpayment of Fees/Refusal to Pay | 13 |
| ENV | Plagiarism of Data | 13 |
| ENV | Plagiarism of Image | 13 |
| HUM | Concerns/Issues about Third Party Involvement | 13 |
| HUM | Ethical Violations by Author | 13 |
| SOC | Hoax Paper | 13 |
| SOC | Notice - Unable to Access via current resources | 13 |
| B/T | Complaints about Author | 12 |
| ENV | Doing the Right Thing | 12 |
| HSC | Euphemisms for Misconduct | 12 |
| PHY | Salami Slicing | 12 |
| PHY | Updated to Correction | 12 |
| SOC | Error in Image | 12 |
| SOC | Investigation by ORI | 12 |
| B/T | Cites Retracted Work | 11 |
| B/T | Notice - Unable to Access via current resources | 11 |
| BLS | Misconduct by Company/Institution | 11 |
| HUM | Error in Data | 11 |
| HUM | Lack of Approval from Author | 11 |
| HUM | Objections by Author(s) | 11 |
| B/T | Bias Issues or Lack of Balance | 10 |
| BLS | Hoax Paper | 10 |
| BLS | Miscommunication by Company/Institution | 10 |
| HSC | Complaints about Third Party | 10 |
| HSC | Taken via Peer Review | 10 |
| HUM | Error in Analyses | 10 |
| HUM | Objections by Third Party | 10 |
| PHY | Bias Issues or Lack of Balance | 10 |
| PHY | Publishing Ban | 10 |
| SOC | Plagiarism of Image | 10 |
| B/T | Manipulation of Images | 9 |
| B/T | Salami Slicing | 9 |
| BLS | Withdrawn (out of date) | 9 |
| ENV | Legal Reasons/Legal Threats | 9 |
| ENV | Miscommunication by Author | 9 |
| HUM | Legal Reasons/Legal Threats | 9 |
| PHY | Concerns/Issues about Human Subject Welfare | 9 |
| SOC | Cites Retracted Work | 9 |
| BLS | Complaints about Third Party | 8 |
| HUM | Conflict of Interest | 8 |
| PHY | Ethical Violations by Third Party | 8 |
| PHY | Temporary Removal | 8 |
| SOC | Complaints about Author | 8 |
| SOC | Duplication of Image | 8 |
| SOC | Error in Materials | 8 |
| B/T | Euphemisms for Misconduct | 7 |
| B/T | Taken via Peer Review | 7 |
| HSC | Hoax Paper | 7 |
| HUM | False/Forged Authorship | 7 |
| SOC | Miscommunication by Author | 7 |
| B/T | Civil Proceedings | 6 |
| B/T | Error in Materials | 6 |
| B/T | Miscommunication by Author | 6 |
| B/T | Not Presented at Conference | 6 |
| B/T | Updated to Correction | 6 |
| ENV | Bias Issues or Lack of Balance | 6 |
| ENV | Cites Retracted Work | 6 |
| ENV | Misconduct by Third Party | 6 |
| ENV | Temporary Removal | 6 |
| HSC | Misconduct by Company/Institution | 6 |
| HUM | Error in Methods | 6 |
| HUM | Unreliable Data | 6 |
| SOC | Taken via Peer Review | 6 |
| B/T | Publishing Ban | 5 |
| BLS | Not Presented at Conference | 5 |
| BLS | Sabotage of Materials | 5 |
| ENV | False Affiliation | 5 |
| ENV | Falsification/Fabrication of Results | 5 |
| ENV | Unreliable Image | 5 |
| HSC | Complaints about Company/Institution | 5 |
| HSC | Nonpayment of Fees/Refusal to Pay | 5 |
| HUM | Concerns/Issues about Human Subject Welfare | 5 |
| PHY | Civil Proceedings | 5 |
| PHY | Complaints about Third Party | 5 |
| PHY | Contamination of Cell Lines/Tissues | 5 |
| PHY | Manipulation of Results | 5 |
| PHY | Miscommunication by Journal/Publisher | 5 |
| SOC | Falsification/Fabrication of Results | 5 |
| B/T | Manipulation of Results | 4 |
| BLS | Complaints about Company/Institution | 4 |
| ENV | Contamination of Materials (General) | 4 |
| ENV | Miscommunication by Third Party | 4 |
| PHY | Miscommunication by Company/Institution | 4 |
| PHY | Objections by Company/Institution | 4 |
| SOC | Euphemisms for Misconduct | 4 |
| SOC | Manipulation of Results | 4 |
| SOC | Not Presented at Conference | 4 |
| SOC | Publishing Ban | 4 |
| SOC | Unreliable Image | 4 |
| SOC | Updated to Correction | 4 |
| B/T | Ethical Violations by Third Party | 3 |
| B/T | Falsification/Fabrication of Results | 3 |
| B/T | Miscommunication by Journal/Publisher | 3 |
| B/T | Unreliable Image | 3 |
| BLS | EOC Lifted | 3 |
| BLS | Taken via Peer Review | 3 |
| ENV | Euphemisms for Misconduct | 3 |
| ENV | Falsification/Fabrication of Image | 3 |
| ENV | Salami Slicing | 3 |
| HUM | Bias Issues or Lack of Balance | 3 |
| HUM | Concerns/Issues About Image | 3 |
| HUM | Lack of Approval from Third Party | 3 |
| HUM | Original Data not Provided | 3 |
| HUM | Plagiarism of Image | 3 |
| HUM | Results Not Reproducible | 3 |
| PHY | Criminal Proceedings | 3 |
| PHY | Error in Cell Lines/Tissues | 3 |
| PHY | Euphemisms for Misconduct | 3 |
| PHY | No Further Action | 3 |
| SOC | Manipulation of Images | 3 |
| SOC | Misconduct by Third Party | 3 |
| SOC | Salami Slicing | 3 |
| B/T | Falsification/Fabrication of Image | 2 |
| B/T | Investigation by ORI | 2 |
| B/T | No Further Action | 2 |
| ENV | Complaints about Third Party | 2 |
| ENV | Ethical Violations by Third Party | 2 |
| ENV | Investigation by ORI | 2 |
| ENV | Miscommunication by Journal/Publisher | 2 |
| ENV | Publishing Ban | 2 |
| ENV | Taken via Peer Review | 2 |
| HUM | Doing the Right Thing | 2 |
| HUM | False Affiliation | 2 |
| HUM | Lack of Approval from Company/Institution | 2 |
| HUM | Notice - Unable to Access via current resources | 2 |
| PHY | Concerns/Issues about Animal Welfare | 2 |
| PHY | Miscommunication by Third Party | 2 |
| PHY | Misconduct by Company/Institution | 2 |
| PHY | Not Presented at Conference | 2 |
| PHY | Withdrawn (out of date) | 2 |
| SOC | Complaints about Third Party | 2 |
| SOC | Error by Third Party | 2 |
| B/T | Complaints about Third Party | 1 |
| B/T | Contamination of Cell Lines/Tissues | 1 |
| B/T | Contamination of Materials (General) | 1 |
| B/T | Hoax Paper | 1 |
| B/T | Miscommunication by Third Party | 1 |
| B/T | Misconduct by Company/Institution | 1 |
| B/T | Nonpayment of Fees/Refusal to Pay | 1 |
| B/T | Objections by Company/Institution | 1 |
| ENV | Contamination of Cell Lines/Tissues | 1 |
| ENV | Criminal Proceedings | 1 |
| ENV | Error by Third Party | 1 |
| ENV | Manipulation of Results | 1 |
| ENV | Miscommunication by Company/Institution | 1 |
| ENV | Nonpayment of Fees/Refusal to Pay | 1 |
| ENV | Objections by Company/Institution | 1 |
| ENV | Updated to Correction | 1 |
| HSC | EOC Lifted | 1 |
| HUM | Complaints about Author | 1 |
| HUM | Criminal Proceedings | 1 |
| HUM | Duplication of Data | 1 |
| HUM | Duplication of Image | 1 |
| HUM | Error in Image | 1 |
| HUM | Euphemisms for Misconduct | 1 |
| HUM | Falsification/Fabrication of Results | 1 |
| HUM | Hoax Paper | 1 |
| HUM | Miscommunication by Author | 1 |
| HUM | Temporary Removal | 1 |
| HUM | Transfer of Copyright/Ownership | 1 |
| HUM | Unreliable Image | 1 |
| HUM | Updated to Correction | 1 |
| PHY | EOC Lifted | 1 |
| PHY | Hoax Paper | 1 |
| PHY | Nonpayment of Fees/Refusal to Pay | 1 |
| SOC | Falsification/Fabrication of Image | 1 |
| SOC | Miscommunication by Third Party | 1 |
| SOC | No Further Action | 1 |