Topic 16 The Cerebral Symphony

Exam 4 Review

History

  • Descartes thought ____ about the ____
  • Fluid from the cerebral ventricles was once thought to ____

Methods

  • Single unit recordings have ____ spatial and ____ temporal resolution.
  • EEG has____ spatial and ____ temporal resolution.
  • Single unit recordings measure ____; EEG measures ____.

Anatomy

  • Directional terms, slices
    • In the human forebrain ____ and superior overlap.
  • Gross anatomy
    • The ____ means “little brain” in Latin; it’s located adjacent to _____.
    • The ____ and ____ in the midbrain release dopamine
    • The ____ controls endocrine and ANS activity.
    • The insula is located deep inside the ____.
    • Forebrain/midbrain/hindbrain
    • ventricles/CSF, meninges, blood supply
    • Gyri/sulci
    • lobes, insula/insular cortex
    • gray/white matter

Cellular anatomy

  • Neurons receive most of their input on the ____ and ____.
  • Gray matter is made of ____; white matter is made of ____.

Neurophysiology

  • Resting potential
    • In neuron at rest, ____ inside is greater than outside; What force(s) ____ push [Na+] inward?
  • Ca++ influx is involved in ____, ____, and ____.
  • EPSP/IPSPs are ____ than action potentials
  • Nodes of Ranvier contain lots of ____-gated channels
  • The absolute refractory period occurs when voltage-gated Na+ channels ____
  • Action potential phases, causes, components
  • Synaptic transmission
    • EPSPs, IPSPs
  • Synaptic plasticity, LTP, NMDA receptors

Neurochemistry

  • ‘Big Three’ – Glu, GABA, ACh
  • Neuromodulators – DA, NE, 5-HT
  • Hormones
    • Oxytocin, vasopressin are released from ____.
  • Can we readily measure neurotransmitter levels in the brain?
  • Midbrain structures that release dopamine are _______ and _______.

Evolution and development

  • There is a “mammalian” brain plan (True/False)

Disorder and disease

  • Structural changes in the brain associated with major depressive disorder and schizophrenia.
  • _____ as a new, fast-acting treatment for depression.
  • True or False: There exist convenient tests for monoamine neurotransmitter levels equivalent to the blood test available for Lithium.

Emotion

  • The ____ lobe contains the amygdala
  • Pleasure/reward systems, key brain areas and neurotransmitter(s)
  • Fear, stress in behavior and brain
    • Acute vs. chronic stress

Perception and Action

  • Sensory fibers enter the (dorsal/ventral) spinal cord. Motor fibers exit from the (dorsal/ventral) spinal cord.
  • Parietal lobe contains ____ cortex
  • Photoreceptor cells release more neurotransmitter in (darkness/light), this is called the ____ _____.
  • Can’t see reddish-green because long (“red”) and medium (“green”) cones ____
  • Areas of cortex devoted to moving fingers, tongue are (large/small)
  • Most retinal ganglion cells project to the ____
  • Sound direction is signaled by ____
  • Minty flavors taste `cool’ because…
  • Topographic maps: somatosensation, audition, vision
  • Sensory fibers enter the ______ part of the spinal cord; motor fibers exit from the ______ part.
  • Perceiving what vs. where: vision, somatosensation
  • Functional segregation: examples of
  • Receptive fields: how size varies with perceptual sensitivity

Memory

  • Long-term Potentiation (LTP) involves neuron A’s connection to neuron B ____
  • NMDA receptor opens when sending cell ____ and receiving cell ____.
  • Amnesia
    • ____ is impaired; ____ is spared.
  • NMDA receptors and Hebbian learning

Frontiers in neuroscience

Beyond the connectome

[[@Bargmann2012-yg]](http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bies.201100185)

Figure 16.1: (Bargmann 2012)

Brain dynamics

[[@Breakspear2017-gk]](http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nn.4497)

Figure 16.2: (Breakspear 2017)

Brain/gut connection

[[@Furness2012-dy]](http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nrgastro.2012.32)

Figure 16.3: (Furness 2012)

Glia

[[@De_Pitta2019-ca]](https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-00817-8_1)

Figure 16.4: (De Pittà and Berry 2019)

Careers in neuroscience

Job prospects

“Employment in healthcare occupations is projected to grow 15 percent from 2019 to 2029, much faster than the average for all occupations, adding about 2.4 million new jobs. Healthcare occupations are projected to add more jobs than any of the other occupational groups. This projected growth is mainly due to an aging population, leading to greater demand for healthcare services.”

U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics

Interviewing

  • Getting an interview
    • Show initiative & impact
  • During interview
    • Come prepared – why this job? why this organization?
    • Dress professionally
    • Be engaged, ask questions

The Cerebral Symphony

References

References

Bargmann, Cornelia I. 2012. “Beyond the Connectome: How Neuromodulators Shape Neural Circuits.” BioEssays: News and Reviews in Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology 34 (6): 458–65. https://doi.org/10.1002/bies.201100185.
Breakspear, Michael. 2017. “Dynamic Models of Large-Scale Brain Activity.” Nature Neuroscience 20 (3): 340–52. https://doi.org/10.1038/nn.4497.
De Pittà, Maurizio, and Hugues Berry. 2019. “A Neuron–Glial Perspective for Computational Neuroscience.” In Computational Glioscience, edited by Maurizio De Pittà and Hugues Berry, 3–35. Cham: Springer International Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-00817-8\_1.
Furness, John B. 2012. “The Enteric Nervous System and Neurogastroenterology.” Nature Reviews. Gastroenterology & Hepatology 9 (5): 286–94. https://doi.org/10.1038/nrgastro.2012.32.